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1 7 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
according to the Septuagint translation mentioned in Isaiah xxx. 8, may be compared : wood of B.
Balearica according to Royle (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.) continues to be exported from Smyrna, Constantinople,
and the Black Sea and a species of Buxus grows on Caucasus: farther South, the “ sham-
sar ” or “ shumshad ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar, and other Arab writers. Westward, “ buxum gallicum ”
is enumerated by Pliny xvi. 28 as the largest k in d ; and B. Baiearica is known to grow on Minorca.
B uxu s sempervirens of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain box, in
Anglo-Saxon “ b o x ” or “ b u x ” (Prior), in Germany “ buchs” (Grieb), in France “ b u is ” (Nugent),
in Italy “ bo sso” or “ bu sso” (Lenz), in Illyrian “ b u s ” (A. De c.), in Calrauk “ boschtom,” in
Georgian “ b s a ” (Pall.), in Greece “ puxari” (Sibth.) ; and possibly the “ pux5s ” in question, — as
well as that of the comic poet Plato, Theophrastus iii. 15. and Pollux; B. sempervirens was observed
by Hawkins (Sibth.), and Griesebach p. 148, wild in Bithynia and Macedonia and as far South as
Pindus; and “ buxus minor” was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the
“ b u xu s ” is mentioned by Virgil, Ovid, Columella, Firmicus, Claudian, as cultivated in gardens and
the branchlets sheared “ tonsile buxetum ” by Pliny, and Martial: B. sempervirens is termed “ b.
arborescens” by Tournefort inst. 578 ; is known to grow wild chiefly in calcareous soil in Italy and
on the Pyrenees and Jura as far as Lat 48°; is besides cultivated, and has become naturalized as
far as Holland and Britain (Gerarde, Ray, Wats., and A. Dec.). Eastward from Greece, is known
to grow in Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan and called “ ojo ”
o r ‘‘ tsuge,” growing here and there and often cultivated. By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues a frequent edging in gardens, but I have not seen it flowering.
The leaves and wood according to Lindley are “ sudorific and purgative,” and “ a foetid empyreumatic
oil ‘ oleum buxi,’ was formerly sold in the shops.”
Stum latifolium of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain water-parsnip (Prior), in
Germany “ wassermerk,” in Italy “ herba canella ” (Lenz), in Greece “ ngrbsSlina” (Fraa s); in
which we recognize the “ sSlinon ” of the marshes eaten by horses — (il. ii. 776, vi. 39, and od. v. 32):
S. latifolium was observed by Fraas in brooks and standing water everywhere in Greece. Westward,
is described by Caesalpinus vii. 39, the leaves in Italy cooked and eaten (Spreng.) : is known to
grow also throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden (E>>&I- bot- pl- ^‘^4> Pei's-i and Wats.). Eastward
from Greece, is known to grow along the Taurian mountains, and was observed by Gmelin from
the Yaic river in Siberia to the Oby.
Helosciadium nodiftorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece
“ nSrSsSiinon ” (Sibth.), and possibly the “ sSlinon” in question eaten by horses ; — H. nodiflorum
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in water throughout from the Peloponnesus
to Smyrna. Westward, is described by Morison ix. pl. 5 ; is termed “ sium aquaticum ad alas
floridum” by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to grow on river-banks throughout middle Europe
a.s far as Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 639, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to the Azores
(Wats., and A. Dec.) ; and before 1788 (Walter) to Carolina, where it has become naturalized around
the city of Charleston (Ell., and Chapm.).
Lotus corniculatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain birdsfoot
clover (Prior): the “ Ifitos” prevalent on plains “ pgthia IdtSunta” and eaten by horses around
Sparta and T r o y— (il. ii. 776 and xii. 284) is referred by Chaubard to “ L. Argolicus ” observed
eaten by cattle and horses in the Peloponnesus, but perhaps not a distinct species : the term “ 16t6
triphulld ” employed by Dioscorides iv. n o seems also to imply knowledge of a non-trifoliate kind:
L. corniculatus was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus throughout the
Greek islands to Marmora and Smyrna; by Forskal, and Delile, around Alexandria ancl Cairo; and
by Pallas, along the Caspian. Westward, is described by C. Bauhin pin. 332; is termed “ 1. sive
melilotus pentaphyllos minor glabra ” by Tournefort inst, 402 ; and is known to grow in woods and
meads throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 991, Pers.,
and Hook.). Eastward from the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg frequent in Japan. By
European colonists, was carried to South America (Wats.) ; and to Southeast Australia, where
subsequent to the visit of R. Brown it has become extensively naturalized (Corder in phytol. 1845,
and A. Dec.).
Lotus major of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ Ibtos ” growing along the
river-brink near T r o y— (il. xxi. 351) may be compared with this allied but larger species ; observed
by Sibthorp in wet situations on mount Haemus, though not distinguished by (J. E. Smith). Westward,
L. major is described by Rivinus tetrap. pl. 76; is termed “ 1. pentaphyllos fiore majore luteo
splendente ” by Tournefort inst. 403, “ 1. uliginosus ” by Schkuhr; and is known to grow in shaded
moist situations throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Thuill., Pers., and Engl. bot. pl. 2091).
Lotus (Dorycnhini) latifolius of the mountains of the East Mediterranean countries. The
“ Ibton th’ Srsefinta” forming with other flowers a dense soft bed on mount Id a— (il. xiv. 348), may
be compared: D. latifolium is termed “ d. orientale latifolium villosum” by Tournefort cor. 26,
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 7 3
“ totum villosum” by Persoon ; is described also by Buxbaum i. pl. 32 ; and was observed by Sibthorp
on the Bithynian Olympus.
Crocus vernus of mountains in the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in
Britain crocus (Prior), in I taly “ castagnola” or “ magnugola” (Lenz), in Greece “ agrios krokos,”
in which we recognize the “ krokos a grio s” of Galen comp. med. loc. iv. 8: the “ k ro k os” of mount
Ida — (il. xiv. 347) is referred hereby Fraas; and the “ glaukes kròkóu” is mentioned by Empedocles
(Plut. def. orac. 41) : C. vernus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on mountain-summits in Cyprus,
Crete, and Greece. Westward, the “ rubens crocus ” is mentioned by Virgil geor. iv. 180 ; C. vernus
is termed “ c. orientalis vernus flore subcaeruleo (s. violaceo) externe spadiceo-rubente ” by Tournefort
cor. 25; was observed by Desfontaines on the Atlas mountains; is known to grow in North
Italy (Lenz), but according to Gay, does not descend the central mountains of Europe into the plains
of Germany and France ; is however cultivated and partly naturalized in Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 344,
and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be
cultivated for ornament.
■ Sedum altissimum oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ amaranto” or “ staphulaki ”
or “ kóllòritha ” (Sibth.), and the herb applied to wounds to remove p a in— (il.) m a ybe compared:
also the “ télèphion” of Dioscorides ii. 217 resembling in leaves and stem “ anthrahné,” growing in
vineyards and cultivated places in the Spring and full of thick fleshy leaves used for cataplasms ; in
the added Synonyms identified with the “ aèizòòn agrión : ” S. altissimum was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, frequent on walls and rocks from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek
islands, and the leaves used for refrigerant cataplasms. Farther South, the “ téléphión ” is identified
in Syn, Diosc. with the “ anóth” of the Egyptians. Westward, with the “ atirtópóuris ” of the
Numidians : and Pliny xxvii. n o adds that the “ telephion” cures wounds : S. altissimum is termed
“ sempervivum sediforme ” by Jacquin hort. i. pl. 81 ; was observed by Tenore pl. 41 (Bory) in Italy,
and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see also S. stellatum).
AnthyLis vulneraria of Europe and tlie adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain kidney
vetch or woundwoi't from its soft downy leaves having been used as lint for dressing wounds (Prior),
in Germany “ wundkraut ” (Grieb), in Greece “ kókónóhòrtón ” (Sibth.), and possibly the plant in
question : — A. vulneraria was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from Crete and the Peloponnesus
to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, is described by Dodoens p. 554 ; is termed “ vulneraria
rustica” by Tournefort inst. 391 ; was observed by Munby in A lg e ria ; and is known to grow in
Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Scotland (Scop., Lam. fl. fr., and A. Dec.). The plant
in the days of Lyte i. 7 was employed against “ strangury and against the payne of the reynes ; ” and
according to Lindley “ has had a great reputation as one of the best of styptics.”.
Cyperus longus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ cipero” (Lenz), in Greece
“ kupèirós” (Sibth.) or “ agrión kupéiri ” (F ra a s ) ; in which we recognize the “ kupèirón” growing
along the river-brink near T r o y— (il. xxi. 351), and of Herodotus, and Theophrastus i. 8, termed
“ èlèiórizón” by Hesychius: C. longus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent
in marshes from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece; and was received by Vahl from Egypt.
Westward, the “ cyperos ” of Varrò iii. 16. 23, and Columella xii. 20, is referred here by Fraas : C.
longus is described by Morison iii. pl. 11 ; is termed “ cyperus odoratus radice ionga sive officinarum ”
by Tournefort inst. 527; and is frequent in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and
Lenz). Its imported root is called in Britain galingale from “ having been fraudulently substituted
for the genuine” (Prior) ; and according to Lindley, is employed “ as a .stomachic.”
Cyperus fu scu s oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt “ sood ” or “ n gh il” (Forsk.) :
the “ kupèirón” growing on the plains, and on which a warrior’s body was laid — (il. and od. iv. 603),
termed “ thrósòthe ” dewy or tender by Pherecrates, and growing under oaks according to Theocritus
v. 45, may be compared : C. fuscus, low and having a subflaccid stem, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, frequent in moist situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Smyrna:
farther South, by Forskal p. 14, and Delile, in Lower Egypt, the most abundant grassy plant in the
moist portions of the river-flat. Westward, the “ molle cyperon ” is mentioned by Petronius; C.
fuscus is described by Morison viii. pl. 9; is termed “ c. minimus panícula sparsa nigricante ” by
Tournefort inst. 527 ; and is known to grow in Carniolia, Barbary, and throughout middle Europe
as far as Denmark (Haller helv.. Scop, earn., fl. Dan. pl. 179, and Pers .).
Zostera marina of Northern seas. A marine plant rooting and reaching the surface in sheltered
situations, called in Britain wrack (Prior), in Germany “ wasserriemen ” (Grieb), in Greece
“ ualóhórtón” (Fraas) or “ phukia ” (Sibth ), and the “ phukioessa ” strand— (Horn. il. x.xiii. 693)
is referred here by Sprengel : the grass-like “ phukós ” with a long geniculate root is mentioned by
Theophrastus iv. 66, and the “ phukia” by Theocritus vii. 58: Z. marina was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas around Greece, and is known to grow in the Black Sea to its Eastern extreme
(Bieb.). Westward, “ the sal nigrum ” of Pliny has been identified with the salt procured by burning
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