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4 8 6 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Tournefort inst. 232 ; ancl is known to grow in Austria and Southern France (and Pers.), Jacq'. austr. ^pl 240
A ubnetia debtoidea of the East Mediterranean countries. The C H C AM 0 6 I AG C ■ TO • M I
K PON described by Dioscorides as growing in rough situations, the stems a span hi»h with KOPUU
N OnOAI -hke leaves, pnrphsh flowers white in the centre, in which the seed is C H CAMUU-like bitter
and yellow, — identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ köröniön ” or “ sesamon agrión,” is referred here
by iM-aas; A. deltoidea is termed “ alyssum creticum foliis angulatis flore violáceo” by Tournefort
cbooru. thISe r; n aGndr eewcaes. observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent on the mountains of Crete and
Sinapis erucoides 0Î the W est Mediterranean countries. The APPION : 6 YZ UUMO N described
by D ioscondes „ 1 6 9 and 187 as having leaves like 6 PYC IMO N and growing mostly in Spain, where
foe seeds are used for mustard, — or the “ eruca agrestis acrioris virtutis ” of Isidorus xvii. 10. 21, may
be ctompared: S. erucoides is described by Barrelier pl. 132, is termed “ sisymbrium erucoides” by
r(P^eesrlso. n; tas.enee sB r(Sastseiucda .)e,r uacnad) . is known to grow in vineyards and along roadsides in Italy and Spain
Hypericum qu^ratigulare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in modern
English floras Ä . Peter s wort, from “ flowering on his day, the 29th June ” (Ainsw., and Prior) • the
ACKYPON according to Dioscorides a kind of YDePIKOYwi t h slender reddish leaves and yellow
flowers, from Its fruit of a resinous odour staining the fingers called ANAPOCAIMON — seems
referred here by Tournefort ; H. qi.adrangulare was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, fréquent in
the environs of Constantinople. Westward, the account of the “ ascyron ” by Pliny xxvii. 20 seems
chiefly taken from Dioscorides : H. qu.rdrangulare is termed “ h. ascyron dictum caule quadrangulo ”
bDya nT, opulm. 6e4to0,r ta nmds tP. e2r5s5. );. and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (^fl.
Althaea cannabina of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ canape selvatico” or
“ canapa selvatica ” (Lenz), in which we recognize theKANNABIC: APPIA of Dioscorides, a cubit
high with reddish flovvers like AyX NIAI, seed and root as in A A e A I A, and its bark twisted into
cordage : - A. cannabina was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, along hedges in Greece as
far as Constantinople. Farther South, the “ kunnab elbarri ” of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sonthei-
nier ; and A, cannabina was observed by Forskal not far from Cairo growing in the Desert. Westward
the kannavis agria ” or uthrastina ” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ terminalis ” of the
Romans : A. cannabina is described by C. Bauhin pin. p. 316 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ alcea cannabina”
pbly. Tlooiu, rannedfo Prte rms.s)t.. 98 ; and is known to grow in Hungary, Italy, and Southern France (Jacq' austr
_ M alva alcea of the Mediterranean countries. The A A K 6 A of Dioscorides, a kind of wild mallow
having leaves incised after the manner of l ePAC; B 0 T A N H C, stems with hemp-like bark, a small
rose-hke flower, and five or six roots nearly a cubit long, - mentioned also by Paulus Aegineta is
referred here by Brunfels i. f. 197, and others (Spreng) : M. alcea was observed by Gittard in the
Peloponnesus (Chaub.) ; and is enumerated by Ciot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt
Westward, the account of the “ alcea” by Pliny xxvii. 6 seems taken from Dioscorides ; but M llcea
w58a2s, oanlidse rPveerds .b).y Tenore in Italy (Bory), and is known to grow in France and German’y (^L am ill ‘n l '
Stellaria holostea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stitchwort or
all-bone (Prior), in Northumberland dead-mad s bones (G. Johnst.); and foe OAOCTeONo f D ioscorides
- i s referred here by Ainsworth, and others : S. holostea was observed by Sibthorp around
Constantinople and m wooded portions on foe Hæmus mountains. Westward, the “ holosteum”
according to Pliny xxvii. 65 has narrow leaves and is devoid of hardness, having been named on the
principle of opposite qualities : S. holostea is figured in manuscript v as the “ beowyrt ” of the Anrio-
Sa.xon translation of Diosc. 154 (Harley and Cockayne): “ stich-wurt” occurs in a manuscript" of
the thirteenth century as a translation of “ valeriane,” a plant curing the sting of venomous reptiles
(Mayer and Wright p. 140, and Prior) : S. holostea is described by Gerarde ; is termed “ alsine
pratensis gramíneo folio ampliore” by Tournefort inst. 243 ; and is known to grow in shaded situa-
nons throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 698, Curt. lond. ii. pl. 30, and
Polycarpum tetraphyllum of the Mediterranean countries. The TT A PUJ N Y X I A »rowin» according
to Dioscondes in stony places and resembling n e u A u u but s h o r te r ,-is réferred"here by
Anguillara and others : P. tetraphyllum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent
along roadsides from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and the Greek Islands to by Delile at
Alexandria on jh e Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the “ parönuhia ” or “ athôkëtôs or
nëuras or “.phrunion” is identified in the Syn. Diosc. with the “ vöuinalis” of the Romans • P.
tetraphyllum is described by Anguillara p. 264, and Matthioli p. 734 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ hemiaria
fri. ro
I :
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 487
Hi: ,
alsines folio ” by Tourne.fort inst. 507 ; and is known to grow in vineyards and cultivated ground in
Istria, Italy, Southern France, and Spain (Barrel, pl. 524, and Pers.). By European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in the outskirts of Charleston
(Chapm.).
Polygala vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain m ilkwort, or
from flowering in time for garlands in certain religious processions, gang-Jlower or procession-plotver
or rogation-flower or cross-flower, in Anglo-Saxon “ gang-dagas ” (Prior), in Germany “ kreuzblume”
(Grieb), in which we recognize the TTOAYrAAON, a span high according to Dioscorides and somewhat
austere in taste, with lentil-like leaves, and drinking it believed to induce abundant milk : — P.
vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the account
of foe “ polygala ” by Pliny xxvii. 96 seems taken from D ioscorides: P. vulgaris is described by
Gerarde p. 450, and Tournefort inst. 174; was observed by Lenz in North Italy, by Forskal near
Marseilles, and is known to grow throughout middle Eutope as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 516, and
Pers.). P . amara, smaller in all its parts but by some writers regarded as not distinct, is described
by Tragus f. 216 (Spreng.), is known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl.
1169, and Pers.) as far as the mountains of Servia (Fraas), but has not been observed in Greece.
Polygala venulosa of the East Mediterranean countries. Bitter in taste with leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
and therefore agreeing better with the account of Dioscorides — according to Fraas:
described by Sibthorp pi. 669 ; and observed by him, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus.
A lh agi pseudalhagi of the East Mediterranean countries and middle Asia. The êTêPA:
AKAKIA growing according to Dioscorides in Cappadocia and Pontus, resembling the Egyptian kind
but much smaller and more tender, full of rigid spines, its seeds smaller tlian lentils and in follicles
yoked in twos, threes, and fou rs,— may be compared: A. pseudalhagi was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas p. 58, in maritime sand from Attica and Syra to Samos ; is known to grow also
in Tartary (Lerche, Bieb., and Fischer).
Poterium sangnisorba of the Mediterranean countries and middle Europe. Called in Britain
burnet (Prior), in Germany “ becherblume ” (Grieb), in Italy “ pimpinella minore ” or “ salvastrella ”
or “ sorbastrella ” (Lenz) : the aAAH : ClAHPITIC two cubits high according to Dioscorides with
leaves on long stalks and fern-like, and from the upper axils long slender shoots terminating in rough
spheroidal heads,— is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 124 (Spreng.), and others: P. sangui-
sorba was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus. Farther South, the “ sideritis achar ” of Ebn
Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer ; and P. sangnisorba was observed by Delile on foe Mediterranean
border of Egypt near Alexandria. Westward, the account by Pliny xxv. 19 of the third
“ sideritin ” corresponds, and seems taken from Dioscorides; P. sangnisorba is termed “ pimpinella
sanguisorba minor hirsuta vel læ v is” by Tournefort inst. 157; was observed by Lenz in Italy; by
Forskal, near Marseilles ; and is known to grow tliroughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pl. 64,
and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, but
has since disappeared.
Poterium polygamum of Eastern Europe. Called in Greece “ poluphulla,” and is the “ allë
sithëritis ” of Dioscorides — according to Fraas : P. polygamum was observed by him (and perhaps
by Sibthorp) frequent in Attica and on Parnassus. Farther North, is described by Waldstein and
Kitaibel pl. 128 as ob.served in Hungary (Pers., and Steud.).
Sedum rhodiola of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rosewort or rose-root “ from tlie odour
and rosy tint of its rootstock,” in medieval Latin “ rhodia radix” (Prior); in whicli we recognize
the POAIAiPIZA or POA I A A growing according to Dioscorides in Macedonia and yielding when
bruised the odour of roses, — and the “ herbam rhodiam ex aceto tritam ” prescribed by Marcellus i :
S. rliodiola is known to grow throughout Siberia as far as Ocliotsk and Lat. 69° on the Yenesei
(Gmel., and Pall.). Westward, is described by Tragus f. 344 (Spreng.) ; is known to grow on the
mountains of Switzerland, the Pyrenees, and throughout Northern Europe to the extremity of Lapland
(D ec., and Sab.). Farther West, is known to grow from Iceland as far as Lat. 65° in Greenland,
also in Labrador, Newfoundland (Hook., and Wats.), New Brunswick (A. Gray), and recently found
as far as the border of Maine ; was observed by E. James on the Rocky mountains (Tor.), by Richardson
along the shore of the Arctic Sea, is known to grow also in Alaska (Wats.).
Sedum cepcea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ krommuthi”
(Fraas): the KHITAIA resembhng ANAPAXNH according to Dioscorides, its roots slender and
with the leaves employed medicinally cooked or taken in w ine,— is referred here by writers : S.
cepæa was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Greece, in waste
ground;, by Thirke, along the Northern shore of Asia Minor. Westward, the “ cepaea ” resembling
“ portulacae ” is described by Pliny xxvi. 52 as bitter in taste and growing on the sandy shore ; S.
cepæa is described by Matthiol! p. 666, and Clusius hist. ii. p. 68 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ s. cepæa
dictum ” by Tournefort inst. 263 ; and is known to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as
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