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5 1 0 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
L a m i iw i p t ir -p u r e um of Europe and Northern Asia. With other species called in Britain d ea f-
n c t i l e or d e a d -n e t t le (Prior), in Germany “ taubnessel ” (Grieb), in Italy “ lamio ” (Lenz), and possibly
one of the kinds mentioned by Pliny xxii. i6 as distinguished by the Romans the “ urtica
mortua ” is mentioned in Ortus sanitatis ; L. purpureum is described by Brunfels i. p. 153, and Tragus
f. 2 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ 1. purpureum fcetidum folio subrotundo” by Tournefort inst. 1S3 ; and is
known to occur in waste and cultivated ground from Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe
as iar as Lapland in Lat. 69° and Iceland (fí. Dan. pi. 532, Hook., and A. Dec.). Eastward, was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus and Greek
islands; by Bieberstein, in waste places along the Taurian mountains ; and by Thunberg, frequent
along roadsides in Japan and called “ fiofuki ” or “ kakidosi.” By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues a weed in gardens in our Middle States, as yet rare (Dari.).
S a l v i a c a ly c in a o f the East Mediterranean countries. A species of wild sa ^ e called in Greece
“ agria alisphakia” (Fraas), and the S I L V E S T R I V S kind of E L E L I S P H A C O S mentioned by
Plmy xxii. 7 1— may be compared: S. calycina is termed “ s. orier>talis frutescens foliis circinatis
acetabulis moluccæ ” by Tournefort cor. 10; and was observed by Sibthorp. Chaubard, and Fraas,
frequent in Attica and the Peloponnesus.
S ta c h y s a r v e n s i s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italy “ stache ” (Sod.,
and Targ-), and possibly included in the S T A C H Y S of Pliny xxiv. 86 : — S. arvensis is termed “ mar’
rubiastrum vulgare” by Tournefort inst. 190; is known to occur in cultivated ground from Denmark
to the Mediterranean (fl. dan. pl. 587, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 41, Villars delph., and Pers.); was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Caria. By European colonists, has been carried
to Northeast America, found in “ waste places E. Massachusetts, scarce” (A. Gray).
S c u t e l la r ia h i r t a of the mountains of Crete. The scordotin A L T E R I V S - G E N E R I S of Pliny
X X V . 27 — is referred here by Honorius Bellus (Pona bald. pl. 93, and Sibth.) : S. hirta is termed
“ cassida cretica minor catariæ folio flore subcæruleo ” by Tournefort cor. 11 ; and was observed in
shady places on the mountains of Crete by Sibthorp.
T e n c r tum s p in o s u m of the We s t Mediterranean countries. The CVNI LAGO-MOL L I S having
according to Pliny xx. 64 more hairy leaves and pricking branches, and emitting if bruised the odour
of honey, — is referred here by Cornuti pl. 124: T. spinosum is mentioned by him in 1634 as recently
brought from Spain, and is termed “ scordium spinosum odoratum;” is termed by Tournefort inst.
205 “ chamædrys multifida spinosa odorata; ” and is known to grow on hills as well as in cultivated
ground in Portugal and Spain (Barr. rar. pl. 202, Cav., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by
Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Smyrna.
E u p h r a s ia o d o n t i t i s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain e y eW ig h t
c ow -w h e a t (Prior), in Germany “ zahntrost ” (Grieb) : the ODONTI TI S growing according to Pliny
xxvii. 84 in meads C A V L I C V L i S - D E NS I S - A B - E A D EM - RADICE, and having a diminutive
purple flower, — is referred here by writers : E. odontitis is described by Gerarde p. 91 ; is termed
“ pedicularis serótina purpurascente flore ” by Tournefort inst. 172; and is known to grow in Northern
Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 625, Huds., Curt. Iond. i. pl. 44,
Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Gittard, in the Peloponnesus and around
Constantinople.
S c r o p h u la r ia ca n i? ia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The C A N A R I AM eaten by
dogs according to Pliny xxv. 51, — may be compared : S. canina is termed “ s. ruta canina dicta vulgaris
” by Tournefort inst. 167 ; and is known to grow in Switzerland, Germany, and France (Schleich.,
Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the
Peloponnesus to Crete, and Cyprus, and called “ skrôpithôhôrton.”
A r m e r i a v u lg a r i s of Northern climates. Called in Britain t h r i f t or s e a - g i l l iß o w e r (Prior), in
Sweden “ strandblomster ” (Linn.), in Greece “ hôlavrôhôrtôn ” (Sibth.) ; and the S T A T I C E - S E P
T E M • CAVLI BVS o f Pliny xxvi, 33, — “ statika kölluria” of Aetius, and “ stali kë p ô a ” of euporist.
1. I t 6 and 11. 82, are referred here by Sprengel ; A. vulgaris is mentioned by Anguillara 247 (Spreng.) ;
is termed “ gramen polyanthemum majus ” by Dodoens pempt. 564, “ armerius montanus tenuifolius
major ” by Clusius hist. i. 287, and is known to grow on the seashore and in exposed situations on
mountains from the Arctic Ocean throughout Europe and Northern Asia (C. Bauh. pin. 211, Tourn
inst. 341, engl. bo t pb 226, and Plook.) : observed by Linnæus on the seashore of Sweden ; ’by Brotero,
in Portugal, both on the seashore and on mountains ; by Decandolle, on the mountains of Switzerland
; by Sibthorp, on the mountains of the Peloponnesus ; by Pallas, at 67° on the Oby. West ward,
by Sabine in Greenland ; by Colmaster, in Labrador (herb. Collins) ; is known to grow along the
Æ c t i c American seashore (Hook.), and as far as Alaska (Wats.). Is besides cultivated for ornament
in gardens, both in Europe (Linn. fl. suec.) and the United States.
S a l ic o jy i ia h e rb á c ea of the seashore of the Mediterranean and North Atlantic, and Interior salines
throughout Northern America and Asia. Called in Greece “ krithmôs” (Sibth.), and the CRET H MOSOF
A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S .
A G R I O S of Pliny xxv. 96 and xxvi. 61, applied externally in affections of the eyes and having other
medicinal properties, — may be compared ; S. herbácea is termed “ s. geniculata annua ” by Tournefort
cor. 51 ; is known to grow along the seashore from Sweden to the Mediterranean (fl. Dan. pb 303,
Engl. bot. pl. 415, and Wats.) ; was observed by Brotero in Portugal; by Desfontaines, in Barbary ;
by Sibthorp, frequent on the seashore of Crete and other Greek islands ; and by Delile, on the Mediterranean
shore of Egypt. Farther East, was observed by Bieberstein in salines along Taurus ; by
Pallas, on the shores of the Caspian ; and by Gmelin, around salt lakes throughout Siberia. West ward
from Europe, was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland ; and is known to grow on our Atlantic
seashore as far as Florida (Elb, Nutt., Chapm., and myself) ; as well as around Interior salines, at
Onondaga towards Lake Ontario, ancl in Lat. 49° on Red river of Lake Winnipeg (Long’s exp., Schw.,
and Nut t ) . The plant according to Prior is called in B r itAm g la s sw o r t ^ f r o m furnishing the kali for
glass-making ” called according to Guibourt “ soda of Narbonne,” and containing fourteen or fifteen
per cent of the carbonate of soda (Lindi.).
K o c h ia s c o p a r la of Central and Eastern Asia. Called in the gardens of Europe “ belvedere”
(Forsk.), by the Greeks “ axuris ” (Anguill.) : the S C O R I A - R E G I A of Pliny xxi. 15 and xxv. 19 having
strong-scented leaves,— is referred here by Sprengel: K. scoparia is described by Anguillara
p. 290, and Dodoens pempt. pl. loi ; is termed “ ch. lini folio vi lloso” by Tournefort inst. 506; is
known to occur in Carniolia (Pers.), and around Constantinople (Sibth.), was observed in gardens there
by Forskal ; and by Bieberstein, in the Tauro-Caucasian countries. Farther East, is known to grow
in Songarian Tartary (Sievers, and,Pall.) ; and in China (Pers.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and
Thunberg, in Japan, employed medicinally and called “ tsisu ” or usually “ fawa kingi ” or “ niwa gusa ”
or “ fooki gusa.”
A t r i p l e x h a s ta ta of maritime and subsaline situations in Northern climates. The A L IM O N -
SILVESTRI of Pliny xxii. 33 having T E N V I O R A thinner leaves and more powerful medicinal properties,—
may be compared; A. hastata is described by Morison v. pl 32; was observed by Delile on
the Mediterranean shore of Egypt near Damietta ; by Sibthorp, on the shore of the Greek islands ; by
Gmelin, and Pallas, from the Caspian to the salt lakes of the Yenisei ; and is known to grow from the
Mediterranean along the Atlantic as far as Britain and Iceland (Sm. in Engl, bot , Pers., Hook., Dec.,
and Wats.). Farther West, is known to grow along the Atlantic shore of North America from at least
44° to 34°, extending inland sometimes to situations hardly saline (Walt., Pursh, A. Gray, and myself).
“ A. rosea,” termed “ a. sylvestris fructu roseo compresso” by C. Bauhin pin. 119, and known to grow
in Southern Europe (Pers ), was observed by Bory frequent in the Peloponnesus.
A m a r a n t h u s t r i c o lo r of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Britain f l o r im e r or J lo r a 7n o r , in
France “ fleur d’amour” (Prior): the G R O M P H A E N A having leaves according to Pliny xxvi. 23
A L T E R N I S - V I R I D I B V S - R O S E I S Q V E , and used against spitting blood, — may be compared :
the “ g elis ia ” of Hildegarde ii. 153 is referred here by Sprengel : A. tricolor is described by Lobel
pl. ; was observed by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople ; and the “ bastan abruz ” of Elmadshusi,
and Soliman Ben ITassan, identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ dadschdsch elemir” of the Persians, is
also referred here by Sontheimer. Eastward, A. tricolor was observed by Graham “ in gardens ” at
Bombay; by Roxburgh iii. 608, iu Bengal; by Thunberg, in Japan; by myself, on the Feejee
Islands, aboriginally introduced. “ A. melancholicus,” received by Linnæus from “ India orientali ”
(Willd. pl. 9. f. 18, and Pers.), and cultivated in the gardens of Europe (Moench) and Northeast
America (A. Gray), is regarded as a variety only (A. Dec.).
P o ly g o n u m b is to r ta of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain b is to r t
(Prior) ; and the D R A C V N C V L V S having according to Pliny xxiv. 91 a root after the manner of a
convoluted dragon, — may be compared: the “ serpentaria viperina” of Apuleius Barbarus 5, is
referred here conjecturally by f'raas : P. bistorta is described by Brunfels, Gesner hort. germ. 265,
and Matthioli (Spreng.) ; is termed “ twice-writhen ” by Turner, “ bistorta major ” by Tournefort
inst. 511 ; is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl.
421, and Curt. lond. i. pl. 22). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus and
in the Peloponnesus ; “ bistorta ” root is enumerated by Forskal as used medicinally in Egypt ; and
the living plant according to Ciot-Bey has been recently introduced there. According to Lindley, the
plant is “ a powerful astringent”
R î u n e x (A c e t o s a ) t t ib e r o s u s of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of s o r r e l called in
Greece “ xinitra” (Sibth.) ; and the A L I V D ’ H I P P O L A P A T H V M of Pliny xx. 85, larger than the
S A T I V O kind C A N D I D I V S Q V E ' A C ' S P I S S I V S and having R ADI C E 3, — may be compared : R.
tuberosus is described by Dodoens 649 ; is termed “ acetosa tuberosa radice ” by Tourne ort inst 503 ;
is kno\Vn to grow in Italy (Pers., and Pollini) ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the
Peloponnesus to Cyprus and Asia Minor.
U r t ic a d io ic a of Northern Asia or America. Called in Britain n e t t le , in Anglo-Saxon and Dutch
“ netel,” in Denmark “ naelde,” in Sweden “ naetla,” in Germany “ nessel,” from supplying “ the
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