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CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
To render himself secure, Jeroboam next sought to make a distinction in religious worship ;
and “ ordained a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of the month, like unto the feast
th a t” is “ in Ju dah;” called also “ the month which he had devised of his own heart” ( i K. vi, 38,
and xii. 26 to 33). In ingrafting a calendar year o f twelve lunations upon the Mosaic institutions,
the new fe.stival would be initiated in ( “ 10 ” - j - 2^ = ) the thirteenth month ; — which may perhaps
explain the circumstance of the “ eighth” month “ bw l” having become the Third month of the
Muslims.
971 B. C. ( = 1071 -]- “ about too y e a r s ” of Clint, i. p. 96 and 134), the Minyae expelled from
Lemnos and the island occupied by Pelasgians from Attica. — Pelasgians continued on Lemnos in
the days of Darius (Herodot. iv. 145, v. 26, and Pausan. vii. 2).
Not earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 244),
Dipticelu reigning in Hindustan.
969 B. C. ( = 972 y. 357/^ d. — “ 5th y e a r ” of Rehoboam, i K. xiv. 25 ancl 2 Chron. xii. 2),
capture of Jerusalem by Siiishak king of Egypt. A record of this event, with an accompanying
portrait of king Sesonk, has been discovered by Champollion on the walls of the temple at Karnak.
One hundredth generation. May ist, 967, mostly beyond youth ; the prophets Shemaiah, and
Iddo ( l K. xii. 22, 2 Chron ix. 29, xii. 15, and xiii. 22).
In the reign at Athens of Codrus son of Melanthus (Euseb., and Clint.), irruption into Asia
Minor of Amazons and Cimmerians.
965 B. C. (— 974 — “ 9 years ” of Phoenician annals in Menand. Ephes., and Jos. c. A.), at Tyre,
Abdastratus slain by the four sons of his nurse ; and succeeded by the eldest of them, — who reigned
“ twelve ” years.
962 B. C. = “ 30th year after the Return of the Heraclidæ” (of Didym., and Clint.), capture of
Corinth by the Heraclidæ or Dorians under Aletes ; who established himself there as king (Diod.,
and Paus. ii. 4. 3).
961 B. C. = “ about thirty years after the Return of the Heraclidæ ” (of Clint, i. p. 131 and 140,
see Herodot. iv. 147, and Strab. viii. p. 347), Eurysthenes and Procles, twin sons of Aristodemus
and Argia, having attained majority, installed as kings of Sparta. Their uncle and guardian Theras
retiring with a colony to the island of Calliste, from him called “ Thera.” Theras and his sister
Argia were of Cadmean descent, in the “ s ix th ” generation from Oedipus (Callim. h. Ap. 74, and
schol. Apollon, iv. 1764).
959 B. C. ( = 1071 — “ 33 — 12 — I — 8 — 37 — 21 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p . 134 = 931
-)- “ 8th -|- 20 y e a rs ” in Hieronym. vers., see also Conon 26), Codrus king of Athens slain in battle
against the Dorians ; under the belief, that his own death would cause the defeat of the enemy. He
was succeeded by his son Medon, who by a change in the form of government, was made archon
for life.
After the war with Codrus (Strab. ix. p. 393), the city of Megara not far from Athens, occupied
by the Dorians.
“ 958 B. C.” (according to astronomers) the date implied in Hesiod’s remark respecting the rising
of the Pleiades. Hesiod of Ascra in Boeotia composing poeiry in the Fifth or Iron Age, after the
conclusion of the Fourth containing the men who fought at Thebes and Troy (op. 155 to 175). His
father may have taken part in founding Aeolian Cuma, but he himself had never crossed the sea,
except only as far as Euboea (op. 219 to 648).
Viscum album of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain mistletoe, in
Anglo-Saxon “ mistiltan ” (Prior), in Germany “ mistel ” (Grieb), in France “ gui ” (Nugent), in Italy
“ visco a lb o ” (Lenz), in Greece “ ixia ” or in Laconia “ më lia” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the
“ mella” growing on the oak according to Hesiod — (Plin. xvi. 11, compare Theophrast. iii. vii. 5) :
the “ uphëar ” of the Arcadians growing on pines and spruces, is distinguished from the “ ix ia ” by
Theophrastus caus. ii. 17. i and 2 ; is mentioned also by Pliny xvi. 93, and Hesychius ; V. album
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on mountains as far as tlie Peloponnesus growing
on Abies picea and sometimes on the oak ; by Kotschy, on spruces on the Taurian mountains (Lenz).
Westward and Northward, the druids of Gaul when in rare instances the “ viscum ” was found on the
oak, collected it with religious rites on the “ sixth day of the moon,” the beginning of their months
and years (Plin.) ; V. album is termed “ v. baccis albis ” by Tournefort inst. 610 ; is known to grow
in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Pers., Engl. bot. pl. 1470, and Pollini).
Loranthus Europæus of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. A kind of mistletoe
called in Italy “ visco quercino ” (Lenz), in Greece “ ôxôs ” (Belon, and Sibth.) or “ ix o s ” (Fraas);
possibly the “ v iscum” growing according to Hesiod together with the preceding on, the oak —
(Plin.) : the “ ixou ” whose leaves are prescribed in Int. affect. 93, is mentioned also by Aristotle, and
Athenaeus; the “ ix ia ’’ called in Euboea “ stëlis ” and distinguished by its fruit, is described by
Theophrastus caus. ii. 17 as growing on the oak, terebinth, and many other trees, and the term “ ixou ”
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OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 187
is applied to its juice ; “ ix o s ” is also mentioned by Dioscorides as the product of a shrub growing
on the oak : L. Europæus was observed by Belon i. 59, Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus
to mount Athos, and by Chaubard growing on the oak; by Jacquin pl. 30, on oaks in Austria, is
known to grow also in Siberia, its berries yellowish (Pers.). Westward, “ viscus ” birdlime is mentioned
by Plautus, and Juvenal, and the plant producing it by Varrò vii. 7, Virgil, and Pliny : L. Europæus
is known to p'ow in Italy (Pollini, and Lenz) ; bh-d-lime is made from its berries there as well
as in Greece, and its wood is sold in the drug-shops under the name of “ viscum quernum ” (Spreng.,
and Lenz). Farther South, “ viscum quercinum” was found by Forskal employed medicinally in
Egypt.
Boletus igniarius of Northern climates. A kind of spunk or woody mushroom called in Germany
“ zunderschwamm ” or “ feuerschwamm ” (translated by Grieb German tinder and “ schwammbuchse ”
tinder-box), in Italy “ lingua cattiva ” or “ esca ” (Lenz), in Greece “ ë sk a ” (Fraas) or “ iska ” (Sibth.),
and possibly the “ viscum ” attributed to Hesiod by Pliny, and the Aeolic “ viskos ; ” the verb “ iskô ”
to assimilate, seems also connected with this plant : — “ mukêtës ” growing on oaks on and near the
roots, are mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 7. 5 ; B. igniarius was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus,
and by Fraas on oaks. Westward, “ ignis e s c a ” is mentioned by L iv y , B. igniarius is
termed “ agaricus pedis equini facie ” by Tournefort inst. 562 ; is known to grow in Italy and throughout
middle and Northern Europe (Bull. h. fr., and Sowerb. pl. 132).
Marsdenia erecta of the East Mediterranean countries. An Asclepiaceoiis plant called in Greece
“ psôphiôs ” (Fraas) ; and the “ ippomanës ” of Hesiod — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the
“ apokunon,” described by Dioscorides as a shrub with long tough branches and pod-like fruit, its
leaves full of yellow juice and mixed in bait to kill dogs, foxes, wolves, and panthers, and referred
here by writers ; in the added Synonyms the “ apokunon ” is identified with the “ kunômôrôn ” or
“ kunôkramvë,” and under these three names is mentioned by Galen fac. simpl. vi. p. 835 : M. erecta
was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece ;
is known to grow also in Syria (Pers.). Westward, the “ paralusis ” of the prophets, or “ kunokram-
ven ” or “ kunôktônën ” or “ kunaghon ” or “ parthaliaghës ” is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with
the “ vrassika roustika ” or “ kanina ” of the Romans ; the account of the “ apocyni ” by Pliny xxiv.
58 seems in part taken from Dioscorides, but he adds medicinal uses of the seeds : M. erecta is
described by Matthioli p. 774 (Spreng.) ; and is termed “ apocyilum folio subrotundo ” by Tournefort
inst. 92. In experiments made in 1580, the seeds according to Clusius hist. i. p. 126 proved fatal to
dogs. (See Doronicum pardalianches and Delphinium peregrinum).
Scolymus Hispanicus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany “ golddistel ” (Lenz),
in Greece “ këphalaggathô ” (Forsk.) or “ skôlumvrôs ” or “ skôlumôs ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ lælech ”
(Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the 8 K0 VVM0 S of Hesiod op. 580 flowering in the hot season,—
mentioned also by Alcaeus, Eratosthenes, Xenocrates ; by Numenius, and Athenaeus ix. 12, as edible
; termed “ phullakanthos ” by Theophrastus vi. 4, its edible root becoming milky ; and according
to Dioscorides, the young plant eaten as greens: S. Hispanicus was observed by Belon i. 18, and
Sibthorp (Walp. p. 245), eaten in Greece; and by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, abounding from
the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Farther South, is called “ hnous ” in Egyptian (Syn. Diosc.) ;
and was observed by Forskal p. 145, and Delile, around Alexandria and Cairo. Westward, the
“ skôlumôs ” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ stôuvôulôum ” of the Romans ; is described by
Pliny xxi. 56 as flowering late and during the remainder of the season successively, its leaves losing in
drying the power of pricking: S. Hispanicus was observed by Clusius hist. ii. p. 153 in Spain,"the
root and young plant eaten; by Desfontaines, in Barbary; is termed “ s. chrysantheraus ” by Tournefort
inst. 4S0 ; is known to grow also in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
Scolymus maculatus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ asproagkatha ” or
“ sk a um v ro s ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ lehlah ” (De l.), and included perhaps in the “ skôlumôs” of
Hesiod, — for the young leaves were found by Fraas eaten in Greece : S. maculatus was observed by
him, and »Sibthorp, from Zacynthus throughout Greece and the Greek islands to Smyrna ; by Hasselquist,
in Palestine ; and by Delile, in Lower Egypt. Westward, is included by Clusius with the preceding
species, and both observed in Spain, as appears from his figures (Spreng.) ; is distinguished
as “ s. chrysanthemus annuus” by Tournefort inst. 480 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal,
and Southern France (Pers., and Lenz).
Alcea rosea of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rose mallow QdngenS) or
hollihock, by Huloet diet. “ holy hoke,” by old writers “ alcea hortulana ” (Prior), in France “ passe-
rose ” (Nugent), in Greece “ môlôhë ëmëra” or “ thënthrômôlôhë ” (Sibth.), and possibly included
in the MAV AX H of Hesiod op. 41 : — the garden kind is mentioned by Diphilus Siphnius (Spreng.) ;'
and “ malahai ” perishing in the garden, by Moschus iii. io 5 : A . rosea was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and mountains of Crete to the Dardanelles, cultivated
besides for its flowers which are used medicinally. Westward, the “ malache ” or “ moloche ” whose
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