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Capsicum frutescens of Tropical America. The red pepper or chilly is called in Aitian “ a x i”
(O vied.), in Peruvian “ uchu,” in Mexican “ ch illi” (Humb. iv. 9), in Tagalo “ pasitls,” but in ancient
times “ lara,” a name extant among the Pampangos (Blanco), in Burmah “ gna-yoke” (Mason), in
Telinga “ merapu-kai,” in Tamil “ mollaghai,” in Malabar “ capoo mologoo,” in Bengalee “ gach-
murich ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ lal mirchee ” (Graham), in Yemen “ dar felfel,” in
Greece “ pipériés” (Forsk.), in Egypt “ feltel ahmar” (D el.); and “ red pepper” is mentioned by
Budhaghosha parab. 21 as inducing violent sneezing when powdered; — is prescribed by Susrutas
sutr. 46; C. frute.scens was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 56 in Malabar, is described also by Rumphius
V . pi. 88 ; was observed by Gibson, and Graham, “ in every garden ” in the environs of Bombay,
“ also all over the Deccan and Kandesh,” and “ extensively cultivated about Poosasowlee ” and
“ sent to the Concan m arkets;” by Roxburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan as far as
Nepaul; by Mason, “ exotic” in Burmah; by Blanco, seemingly indigenous on the Philippines:
by myself, on the Feejeean and Tongan, by other members of our Expedition on the Samoan Taheitian
and Hawaiian Islands, brought by Polynesian voyagers from America. A brother of Manco
Capac was named Agar Uchu (G. de la Veg. I. 18) : Columbus on his firs't voyage found “ axis ” the
pepper used by the inhabitants of Aiti or Hayti “ very hot, some of it long and some round ” (F. Columb.
34 to 36) ; the “ a x i” is described by Oviedo gen. hist. vii. 7 as a substitute for pepper; by Gomara,
as “ especia que les quemo la lengua ; ” but in the wild state C. frutescens seems unknown (A. Dec.).
Westward from Hindustan, although observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen, and by myself
on Zanzibar, by Schweinfurth in Central Africa, C. frutescens appears to have remained unknown in
the Mediterranean countries and Europe until the discovery of Am erica; is described by Tragus,
Cordus, Fuchsius, Matthioli, Lobel, and Clusius exot. pi. 340; was observed by Forskal, aud Delile,
in Egypt; by Hasselquist, near Jerusalem; by Forskal, and Chaubard, in Asia Minor and Greece.
By European colonists, was however introduced into Northeast America.
One hundred and forty-first generation. Jan. ist, 401, onward mostly beyond youth: Rab
A sh e : the Greek philosopher Plutarclius of A thens; the historians, Eunapius, and Olympiodorus;
the grammarian Orion; the rhetor Troiliis; the Christian Greek writers, Arsacius, Atticus, the
chronologers Annianus and Panodorus, Chrysanthus, Evagrius of Antioch, the ecclesiastical historian
Sismnius, Philippus of Side, xMaximianus, and Theodorus of M opseusta: the Latin writers, the
poets Claudianus and Kutilianus Niimatianus ; the Christian Latin writers, the ecclesiastical historian
Suipicius Severus, Dexter, Cassianus, Marius Mercator, Petronius, Prudentius, Coelestius, Julianus,
and Orosius.
“ In the very beginning of the fifth century” (journ. Asiat. v. p. 103 to 138, and Elphinstone iii.
3 to 10), the Chinese traveller Fa-hian entering Hindustan visited Behar, at this time the capital;
describes also an extensive Budhist cave. “ He found Budhism flourishing in the tract between
China and India, but declining in the Panjab, and languishing in the last stage of decay in the
countries on the Ganges and Jamna. Capila, the birthplace of Budha, was ‘a wilderness untenanted
by man.’ H is religion was in full vigour in Ceylon, but bad not yet been introduced into Java: ” —
which island Fa-hian visited on his way back to China, “ in ships manned by crews professing the Bram inical religion” (see below 428).
The impression attributed to Guatama’s foot on a mountain in Ceylon is mentioned by Fa-hian,
— also in the Mahavamsa i. i. 7, but by Arab travellers from the Ninth to the Fourteénth centur?
is attributed to Adam (Marco Polo 215, and Burn. ii. 622).
“ 402 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), Anastasius succeeded by Innocentius, “ thirty-eighth” bishop of Rome.
On the “ third of the ides of November ” (Idat.), eclipse o f the sun. “ Towards the close of the
year” (Clint.), the Goths under Alaric enter Italy.
‘404 A. D .” (Gothofred., and Clint, iv. p. 379), gladiatorial exhibitions finally suppressed by
Honorius. In Asia Minor, ravages by Isaurians ; from beyond the Taurus chain of mountains.
“ The same year” (Blair), the kingdom of Scotland “ revived by Fergus.”
“ 405 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), in Italy, more than “ two hundred thousand” Goths under
Radagaisus, shut in among the mountains at Fesulae and defeated by Stilicho.
“406 A. D .” (Zosim., and Clint.), Vandali, Alani, and Suevi, crossing the Rhine enter Gaul.
mallica,” in Hindustanee “ ban-mallica,” in Telinga “ adevie-mallie ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay
“ reoutee” (Graham); and from early times, its bitter root used medicinally in ringworm'; the
wrapped up relics of a Budhist saint are compared by Budhaghosha xxviii to a jasntine-bud: —
J. angustifolium was observed by Rheede vi. pl. 53 in Malabar; by N. L. Burmann pl. 2, Ainslie,
Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to the Coromandel forests, constantly covered with
bright shining green foliage and well-adapted for arbours ; by Graham at Bombay, only “ in gardens.”
At this time (as appears from Vigilantius, Hieronymus, Alsted, and Clint.), image-symbols,
lighting of candles, relics of saints, and invocation of saints, already used in Christian worship.
Vigilantius writing also against prayers for the dead, vigils, and the celibacy of the clergy.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., transl. T its.), Ri-tsiou succeeded by his brother Fan-sio, now nineteenth
dairo of Japan *
“ The same year = beginning of the Thirteenth manwantara ” among the Hindus — (Graha Munjari
tables, and Benth.)
“ 407 A. D .” (Idat., and Clint.), Hieronymus, Joannes bishop of Jerusalem, Eulogius bishop of
Caesarea, Epiphanius of Cyprus, and Theophilus of Alexandria, all seen by Idatius, now in early
youth.
“ The same year” (Prosp., and Clint.), in Britain, revolt of Constantine a Roman soldier; who
taking advantage of his name, extended his authority over the people and crossed into Gaul. Coins
of Constantine are extant.
“ May i s t ” (Prosp., and Clint.), Arcadius succeeded by Theodosius II., at the age of “ eight
years ” second Byzantine emperor. The work of demolishing the temples of the ancient religion
continued to be zealously prosecuted (Sm. biogr. diet.) ; for Monumental history, a disastrous
measure.
“ The same year ” (Zosim., and Clint ), Stilicho put to death at Ravenna. When “ thirty thousand”
of his troops joining the Goths, Alaric marched and laid siege to Rome. Terms however
were offered, and Alaric withdrew.
“ 409 A. D .” (Zosim.; and Clint.), second siege of Rome by the Goths. Spain invaded and
overrun by the Vandali, Alani, and Suevi : the Vandali continuing beyond into Africa.
“ 410 A. D. ( = 418” of Sam. Aniens., J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Armenian alphabet
invented by Miesrob ; who at the same time commenced a version of the Bible. — More than twenty-
one years elapsed before the version was completed; Moses of Chorene being part of the time
employed on it. This version is the earliest known example of the Armenian language.
“ Aug. 24th” (Cedren., and Clint.), after a third siege, Rome captured and plundered by the
Goths under Alaric. Who, dying shortly afterwards, was succeeded as king by Ataiilfus.
411 A. D. (= 3 6 9% -“ 42 years reign” of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Upatissa succeeded by his
brother Malia-nawma, now king of Ceylon.
Bauhinia acuminata oiTropxeaX PAnca'i The white Bauhinia, a shrub six to ten feet high,
called in Burmah “ ma-ha-hlm-ga-phyoo ” (Mason); and from early times, cultivated for its large
blue-white fragrant flowers : the “ mahanel ” flower exhaling fragrance according to the Mahavamsa
i. p. 8, — may be compared : B. acuminata was observed by Mason v. 405 to 771 “ exotic ” in Burmah.
Westward, by Rheede i. pl. 34 in Malabar ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan
; by Graham, “ in gardens comm on” around Bombay, and notwithstanding the opinion of
Desvaux, he regards the “ farek ” seen by Bruce vii. pl. 18 in Abyssinia as possibly identical.
Morinda citrifolia of Tropical shores from the Seychelles and Hindustan throughout the Malayan
archipelago and neighbouring Polynesian islands. A small tree called in Hindustanee “ a l” or
“ atchy,” in Telinga “ molagha” or “ maddichettoo,” in Tamil “ manja-pavattay ” or “ noona ”
(Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ aal ” (Graham), in Martaban and Pegu “ nie-pa-hste,” in Tenasserim
“ nyau ” (Mason), in Ylocano “ apatot,” in Pampango “ taliantar,” in Tagalo and Bisaya
“ bancudo ” or “ pancudo ” or “ bangcoro ” or “ mambog ” or “ tumbong aso ” or “ tacpus ” or “ cuht ”
or “ lino ” or “ nino ” (Blanco), on the Tarawan coral-islands “ non,” on the Otafuan coral-islands
and the Tongan, Samoan, and Taheitian rocky groups “ nono,” 011 the Marquesas and’ Hawaiian
* Tilia cordata of Japan. Its bark from early times used for bast and making musquito-nets
— (see Jap. centen. comm. 77).
Pueraria Thunbergiana of Japan. From early times used for making cordage and coarse cloth
— (see Jap. c. c. 76). *
Wistaria Chinensis of Eastern Asia. A shrubby twiner called in Japan “ to o ” or “ fu d s!”
(Thunb.), and from early times used there for making cordage and coarse cloth, also for braiding
hats and other articles, and planted for arbours in gardens — (see Jap. c. c. 76 to 81) : observed in
Japan by Kaempfer v. 856, and Thunberg, described also by Houttuyn viii. pl. 64.
Salix Bnergeriana of Japan. A w illow from early times used for making b ast— (see Jap.
c. c. 76).
Musabasho of the Philippines. Called in Tagalo “ abaca” (Blanco), yielding Manila hemp,
and from early times used in Japan for making cordage and coarse cloth— (see Jap. c. c. 76).
Farther South, observed by Dampier only on Mindanao; by Blanco, a most useful plant carefully
cultivated in Camarines and other parts of the Philippines.
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