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6o6 CH R O N O L O G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
Siva and the unwieldy Mahadeva emblem are mentioned in the Mrichchhati i and iv. : the
c eghop or dome-hke stone emblem of the Braminical cave-temples appeared to me unprovided for in
the original construction of those temples, and inserted at a subsequent period. Some approximation
to the date may be inferred from one of the Elephanta cave-temples, filled with earth and thus
concealed until shortly before my visit, but found on clearing to contain a deghop.
G a r c u n a p i c t o r ia of the mountains of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall tree called in
Sanscrit “ tumala,” in Telinga “ tamala-chettu or “ tamalamu” (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil “ mukki ”
Burmah “ tha-nat-dau ” (Mason) ; in which we recognize the “ tamala” tree of the
Mrichchhakati 5 , - a n d of Jayadeva, termed lofty by Kalidasa ragh. xiii. 1510 49, and prescribed
medicinally by Susrutas : G. pictoria was observed by Cleghorn, in Mysore along the Western
Ghauts at the elevation of from two to three thousand f e e t ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as the
high mountain-lands o f Wynaad ; by Mason v. 4S1 and journ. as. 1847, in Burmah, abounding, on the
lulls bordering “ the valley of the Tavoy river,” and one of the two trees yielding the g a lib o ^ e of
commerce. (See G. elliptica.) , / & i
C l i t o r ia T e n ia t e a of the mountains of Madagascar and the Mauritius Islands. A twinino- herbaceous
plant having Sanscrit names (Roxb., and Pidd ), and called in Malabar “ shlongo kifspi ” or
_ shunkoo-pushpa,” m Telinga “ nulla-ghentana,” in Tamil “ karka kartun,” in Bengalee “ upara-jita”
m Hindustanee "khagin ” (Drur.), in Burmah “ oung-mai-phyoo ” (Mason), in Tagalo “ colocantang”
^ clitoria ” IS mentioned as a garden flower in the Mrichchhakati 4 * — (transl
H. H. Wils.): the “ kumari ” or “ gavakshi ” or “ girikarni” or “ sv e ta ” or “ hansapada ” prescribed
by Susnitas chik. 8 to 30, is referred here by Hessler: C. Ternatea was observed by Rheede viii.
pi. 38 in Malabar; by Graham, m gardens “ hedges and jungles everywhere” in the environs of
Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, common in other parts of the peninsula ; by Mason 413
to 4/9 exotic m Burmah and only naturalized, its root “ eme t ic ; ” by myself, in the Malayan
archipelago ; by Blanco, frequent throughout the Philippines, the pods sometimes eaten and the
flowers used for dyeing blue ; the flowers on Amboyna according to Rumphius v. pl. 31 used to tin^e
boiled nee a cerulean color. Westward, is known to occur in Tropical Arabia (A. Dec.) : vUs
observed by Bojer on the mountains of Madagascar, Mauritius, and Bourbon. By European colo-
nists, was earned to the West Indies, where it continues in cultivated ground, observed on Cuba
Barbadoes, and St. Thomas (Humb,, Maycock, Schlecht, and A. Dec )
, J i s m m u m f r n t i c a n s of the Southern border of the Caspian. The y e l l o w j a sm i n e is called by
he Turks sari-jassemm ” (Sibth.), in Sanscrit Hindustanee and Bengalee “ hema-pooshpika ” (J, F.
T ' / , 1° h * enumerated among garden plants in the Mrichchhakati 4 :
the y u p i c a called, ‘ hemapushpica ” golden-flowered, not seen by W. Jones as. res iv »46
appears to be J fruticans, the “ elegant looking shrub” observed by Graham “ in gardens and flowe?
pots at Bombay Westward, the yellow-flowered “ iasmin” is distinguished by Ebn Masawia
Rhaz. contin., and Spreng.% Ha Ebn Masah, Ishak Ebn Amran, Ebn Joljol, Avicenna, Serapion
176, Ebn Alwam, and Ebn Baitar: J, fruticans is described by Gesner f. 278, Dodoens pempt. 571,
and C. Bauhm pm. 298; is termed “ j. iuteum vulgo dictum bacciferum ” by Tournefort inst. 597;
is known to occur seemingly wild at the base of the Talusch mountains and Caucasus, and along
* Bntea sitperba oi Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A woody climbing species called in
Telmga “ tiga-muduga ” (Lindl.): the “ kimsuka ” as distinguished from the “ dhak” in the Mrich-
chhakati v i i i , -m a y be compared: the “ kinsuka” is mentioned by Kalidasa ragh. ix 27 and Susrutas
(Hessl.) : B. superba was observed by Roxburgh cor. i. pl. 22, and Wight, among the Circar
mountains, its stem “ as thick or thicker than a man’s l e g ” afld “ very long, running over large
Bees : its sensible properties according to LindJey are “ altogether the same as in B. frondosa.”
Farther East, was observed by Mason in Burmah, and called “ pouk-nway.”
_ B e n in c a s a c e r i f e r a of I'ropical Eastern Asia. The w h i t e p u m p k in is called in Guzerati ancl
m the environs of Bombay “ pandree-chickee ” (J. F. Wats., and Graham), in Burmah “ kyouk-pha-
yung (Mason); and the “ preserved pumpkin” of the Mrichchhakati i., that if kept too Ion» smells
badly — (transl. H. H. Wils.), may be compared : also the “ pushpap’hala,” enumerated among potherbs
by Susrutas sutr. 46: B. cerifera was observed by Rheede viii, pl. 3 in Malabar; by Graham,
“ commonly cultivated m Bombay and the Deccan,” its “ fruit sub-rotund, twelve or fifteen inches
in diameter, hairy when young, smooth with a whitish bloom when r ip e ; ” is termed “ cucurbita
pepo ’ by Roxburgh 111, 718, and was observed by him, Wight, and Drury 167, common throughout
Hindustan; by Mason v. 470, “ exot ic” in Burmah and cultivated by both Burmese and Karens
as “ a valuable addition to their curries,” but “ never eaten by Europeans ; ” the “ cucurbita pepo
aspera,” observed by Blanco on the Philippines and called in Tagalo “ condol,” may also be com-
pared. ^
OF A C C O M P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 607
the Black Sea (Th.rke, Bieb., Ledeb., and C. A. Meyer) ; was observed by Sibthorp in woods
throughout Phrygia and as far as Smyrna ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; by Bové, fre-
quent m Alger ia; IS known to occur seemingly wild in Portugal, Spain, and as far even as France
(A. Dec.) . J. humile ’ observed by Bory in Southern Greece, also “ J. odoratissimum ” from
Madeira, are regarded as not distinct.
i i Î H P P l the Greeks defeated by the Muslims in n a v a l com ba t.
656 A. D. (art de verif.), Othman succeeded by Ali, fourth khalif. Copper c o in s supposed
to have been issued by him or preceding khalifs, are figured by Marcel p. 26.
“ 657 A. D . ” (Clint), in Rome, Eugenius succeeded by Vitalianus, eleventh archbishop.
In this y e a r ” (Badger edit. Salil-ibn-Razik p. 374), first serious dispute among the Muslims
respecting the Imamate: revolt of the Khawarij, of “ twelve thousand men” taking oiTence at A l i ’s
submitting his right to the Khalifate to arbitration.
“ 658 A. D . ” (Blair), peace obtained from the Byzantine emperor Constans, the Muslims “ ao-ree-
ing to pay him one hundred thousand crowns annually.” ^
“ As late as the Seventh century,” Aino tribes spread over the Northern portion of Nippon as
far as Lat. 38 (Sieb. elucid. Vries p. 97) : but “ in this y e a r ” (Klapr. in transl. San-kokf 215),
by dairo-empress Zai-mei in her “ fourth ” year, a fleet sent under the command of Abe-no Omi
against the Amos .* With the aid of Aino tribes of Southern Yeso, certain districts were conquered,
otheis were added m the following year, and a government over Yeso established at
Siri-besa.
“ 659, in the auUimn” (Nipponki, Klapr., and Jap. mann. 377), an embassy from Japan to the
Chine-se emperor taking two natives of Yeso (Ainos) as curiosities. The emperor expressed great
astonkshment at their strange appearance, and was informed that their country does not produce
corn, the people hvmg on animal food, have no houses, but dwell under the trees in the mountains
They presented a white deer skin, with a bow f and eighty arrows to the emperor. The narrative
written by a Corean named Yukino Murazi.
“ 6Ó0 A. p ” _(Beda h. e. iii. 22, Cockayne iii. 453), Sigeberht II. assassinated by relatives who
thoLipit him deficient in rigour. He was succeeded as king of Essex by Swithhelm.
66r A D ” (art de verif.), assassination of Ali. He was succeeded by Flasan ; and at the end
of SIX months, by the Muslim general Mu’awiyah of the Ommiah family. Who removed the seat of
government from Medina to Damascus.
( S m t e d ) ""'«tog in the latter half of the Seventh century - according to Abu-l-faraj
* P e d i c u la r i s v e r t i c i l la t a of Arctic and Subarctic climates. The leaves of “ P. lanata ” emploved
as a substitute for tea by the inhabitants of the Kurile Islands — (Ainsl. mat. ind. i i 228) P
verticillata « known to grow in Siberia, on the Oby in “ Lat. 6 7 ° ” (Pall.), on the mountains of
Daouria : and farther East on the islands of Alaska generally as far as Sitka and Kotzebue Sound
(Rothr m Smiths report for 1867).; at Igloolik in Arctic America (Hook.) ; and in the alpine dis-
tncts of Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 206, and Pers.).
in T t e P ‘' A m /ft"®’ róYso. A species of y e w called by the Ainos “ tarumani,”
w n l d T t f i " ' ! Y F ™ t:- c- 30); wood by the Ainos — (Sieb.). and from early times bows made from its
W i s t a r ia J a p ó n i c a of Yeso and the neighbouring countries. Called “ kiitsuts,” or by the Japan-
ese ko-fudsi (Sieb.) ; m which we recognize the “ fousi ” whose fine interior bark is used bv the
i V s t l o b ft"®*- ‘ ft® »se for bow-strings is noted
by Siebold ; and farther South, W. Japónica was observed bv him in Japan
n 0 0 + ° + , + + K Ï ' Î f “ ‘tt ro « .- p l...
ró"®"® "®« ‘ ft® »e'’g '’ bo»ring countries. Called “ sjosinosjurk,” and
the t e u 1? 5 U® 1®°'.®'’/ poisoned with juice of the root (Sieb.; or according to
the San-kokf transl. Klapr.), with bruised seeds of the Aconitum called “ bou-si (fou-tsu) ” mixed
with araignées à longues pattes ” (regarded as probably “ Phalangium araneoides).” From trans-
poiteci specimens, A. Kamtscliaticum is described by Pallas.
“ \ V lT T B i T / T ft’® 'toiglibouring countries. Called “ kurasuf ” or by the Japanese
above Y - ^ Í F ' F 7®®®g®to® ‘ ft® “ to-karasi” whose bruised seeds are mixed in the
t e f - ( S 0 b o k f transl. klapr.), so rapid in its action that the blood of the wounded bear,
r e c e i v e t e Y ' " , P®/'®"®" '® ® ft®"" (Langsdorff ii. 287). Westward, S. Chinensis was
te® f ;°,™ b'®,®" ft« Linnæns (Dec. prodr.) ; and in Hindustan (according to Lindley), the “ seeds
sidered by Mahometan and Hindoo practitioners stimulant, stomachic, and laxative.”
L ‘.4.
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