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and Ebn Baitar ; and A. dracunculus was observed in Egypt by Hasselquist. Westwardfohe “ ^ g o n -
te a ” is enumerated in the Capitularia of Charlemagne ; A. dracunculus is termed “ cl. hortensis by
Blackwell pl. 1 16 ; is known to be cultivated in Southern Europe, and the “ leaves and young shoots
employed “ as a pickle, or for giving a pleasant flavour to vinegar” (Pers., and Lmdl.). Eastward
from Greece, was observed by Gmelin ii. pl. 59 and 60 wild in Siberia. By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in our Middle States. ^
Verbascum sinuatum of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. A species of
called in Italy “ guaraguasco ” (Lenz), in Greece “ g lò s sa ” (Fraas) or “ phlomos ” (Sibth.) ; in r t i c h
we recognize the 4. A 0 M 0 N of Eupolis, - Aristotle, Macrobius, Plutarch symp. iv i, a « pWomos
mëlaina” of Theophrastus ix. 12. 3, and Dioscorides: V. sinuatum was observecl by F o is k « Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, the most abundant species from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece
and the Greek islands, and to the present day employed for killing and capturing freshwater fishes
as described by Aristotle anim. viii. 20 (Walp. p. 276, and Spreng.) ; is known to grow also m the
Crimea and as far as the Caspian (Ledeb.) ; in Syria and on mount Sinai (A. Dec.) ; was observed
bv Delile in Egypt, and is enumerated by CIot-Bey and Figari as long known there. Westward, the
“ phlomon” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vërvaskloum ” or “ phemmale” of the Roinans ;
the “ verbascum nigrum femina” is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 73; V. sinuatum is, terared v.
nigrum folio papaveris corniciilati ” by Tournefort inst. 147; was observed by Hogg on SicUy, by
Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow in Spain, Algeria, and on the Canary
Islands (Pers., and A. Dec.). , ,,
Verbascum undulatum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece glòssa (I raas)
or “ phlomos” (Sibth.), and perhaps included in the “ phlomon” of Eupolis the “ glóssan is
mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 75 ; the “ phlomon thélu ” is distinguished by Theophrastus, and Cratevas
(schol, Nicand.); and the “ phlomos lëukê th êlëia” having according to Dioscorides “ kramve -like
but more hairy and white or yellowish flowers, is referred here by Sibthorp, and I raas : V. undulatum
is termed “ v. græcum fruticosum folio sinuato candidissimo ” by Tournefort cor. 8 and trav. 1. p .
128 ; was observed by Sibthorp, Link, and Fraas, frequent in Southern Greece, and often becoming
Verbascum thapsus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain hig-taper or vinUein, in
old French “ malen,” in mediæval Latin “ malandrium” (Prior), in Germany “ komgskerze, m Italy
“ barbarastio ” or “ tasso barb asco” or “ verbasco” (Lenz), in Greece “ phlomos” (Sibth.), and
possibly included in the “ phlomon ” of Eupolis ; — the “ phlomon arren ” is distinguished by Theo-
phrastu's, Nicander ther. 856, and Cratevas (schol. Nicand.) ; and “ phlômôs lëukë arren 0 v,ng
: accordin- to Dioscorides oblong and narrower white leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp, and F ra a s .
V thapsus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throu0 -
out the Greek islands to Constantinople. Westward, the “ phlomon ” of the Greeks is identified by
Pliny X X V . 73 with the “ verbascum” of the Romans; V . thapsus is described by Brunfels p . 197,
Fuchsius, and Dalechamp (Spreng,) ; is termed “ v. mas latifolium Iuteum” by Tournefort mst. 146;
and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe almost as far as Lapland
(Pers and Fries). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow throughout the Caucasian, Himalayan
and Altaian mountains as far as Daouria (Ledeb., and A. Dec.). By European colo tots, was carried
to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Northeast America (Wa lt.), where I have found it one of the first i o i e ip
plants to acquire foothold in clearings. The seeds according to Lindley “ are said to be used by
poachers to poison fish.”
“ 427 B. C. ( = fifth year of the Peloponnesian war,” Sm. b. d.), assistance sent by the Athenians
to the Leontines in Sicily. T h e comic poet Plato first exhibiting — (Cyril, and Sm.).
Cymbopogon schoenanthus of the Moluccas. The lemon grass is called m Yemen “ m hah,
its imported root in Egypt “ edcher” (Forsk.) ; and the S XO I N 0 YS of the comic poet I la to -
(Etym. magn.), “ ëuôsmôu” according to the Hippocratic writings (Spreng.), Theophrastus ix. 7, and
Dioscorides i. i 5, called “ shoinou alëxanthrinës ” by Damogeron (geopon. vii, 13), “ shoinou anthos
by Galen ant, i. p. 70, and “ shôinantliôs ” by Aetius, and Actuarius, is referred here by writers ;
the fra-rant “ schoenum” is mentioned also by Plautus, and Columella; the “ gramen arabiim by
Propertius xxix. 1 7 ; “ juncum odoratum ” by P lin y ; “ squinanthum ” by Palladius, Rutilius, and
Plinius Valerianus; and the “ idschir” by Ebn Baitar; the living plant in the days of I liny xii. 48
had been found growing in Italy ; was known to Theophrastus as growing in Syria ; to Dioscondes
as grow in -in Lybia and Arabia, the best brought from Nabathea, and the Arabian kind sometimes
termed Babylonian. The root of C. schoenanthus or “ juncus odoratus” is enumerated by Alpinus
as imported from Arabia into Egypt ; comes “ from Limbo in Arabia Petraea,” according to Hasselquist
; and “ edcher” or “ schoenanthus” root from Arabia, was seen in Egypt by Forskal mat. med :
the plant itself was received by Garcias from Arabia; and was observed by Forskal p. 173 seemin^y
wild among the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is called in Hindustanee “ akya-ghas,” m Bengalee
“ agya-ghans,” in Telinga “ nimma-gaddi ” pr “ chippa-gaddi,” in Tamil “ vashanap-pullu ” or “ kar-
pura-pullu” (Dru r .); was observed by Rheede xii. pl. 72 in Malabar; by Graham, “ cultivated in
gardens” in the environs of Bombay; by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan,
covering “ large tracts of waste land in Bengal, and its oil regularly exported from Ceylon ; by
Mason v. p. 501, “ e xo tic ” in Burmah and called “ sa-ba-len,” cultivated “ by the natives,” and “ a
decoction made from the leav es” used medicinally; by Bontius, cultivated and seemingly wild on
Java; by Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo “ sa la i” or “ tanglad” or “ paja de meca,”
in Bisaya “ baliyoco ; ” is described also by Rumphius amboin. v. pl. 72 ; was observed by myself
on the Feejeean Islands, planted around native dwellings and occurring besides in wild situation.s.
Transported to Europe, continues under cultivation for its fragrance (Morison iii. pl. 8, Vent., and
Pers.) ; and by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in gardens
in our Northern and Middle States.
“ 426 B. C .” (Blair), pestilence again breaking out in Athens, permission given to the men to
marry “ two” wives. Socrates among others taking advantage of the privilege.
“ 425 B. C. = 1st year of Wei-lie-wang, of the T ch eo u ” or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron.
table).
“ The same y e a r ” (Clint, ii. p. 380), Artaxerxes succeeded by Xerxes I I. ; and after “ two
months,” by Sogdianus, who reigned “ seven months.” The names of these two Persian emperors,
though given by Manetho, have not been found on the Egyptian monuments.
“ The same y e a r ” (Thucyd. iii. 116, and Clint.), in Sicily, eruption of mount Etna. And in
Italy (Sm. b. d.), war between Rome and the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veii suspended by a
truce for “ twenty years.”
Thapsia Garganica of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in Greece
“ pôlukarpôs” (Sibth.) or “ ôglëgôra” or “ thapsia” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ thapsia”
supposed to have been discovered on the island of Thapso, and named accordingly — (Diosc.),
prescribed together with its root in Nat. mul. 29, 3 Morb. 17, Superfoet. 19 to 20, Int. affect. 19, and
7 Popular. 39, having according to Theophrastus ix. 9 “ marathô ’’-like leaves and a “ narthëkôthë ”
stem, according to Dioscorides yellow-flowered “ anëthô ” -iike umbels, the acrid root with its juice
purgative: T. Garganica was observed by Sibthorp, D ’Urville, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus
throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ thapsia ” called also “ pagkranon ” or
“ skammôniôn” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ vôith ën” of the Numidians, and “ phërôu-
la g ô ” or “ phërôula silvëstris” of the Romans; the “ thapsia” is mentioned by Celsus v. 18; was
used by Nero, and the mode of collecting the juice is described by Pliny xiii. 4, the most virulent
growing in Africa : T. Garganica is described by Magnol pl. 286; is termed “ th. sive turbith gar-
ganiciim semine latissimo ” by Tournefort inst. 322 ; and is known to grow at the Southern extreme
of Italy and in Barbary (Pers.).
“ 424 B. C .” (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Sogdianus succeeded by Darius II. Nothus,
ninth Persian emperor. Though reigning “ nineteen ” years (Astronom. can., Maneth., and Diodor ),
his name has not been found on the Egyptian monuments.
In this year ( = 452 — “ 28 years reign ” in the Mahavamsa iv.), the Hindu king Calasoka succeeded
by his ten sons, including Baddesenah and Pantchewekeya. Mahamandala holding this
place in the Avadana asoca (Burn. i. 359) may prove king Mandelica who harboured the heretical
Budhists (see Mahavans. iv. p. 43).
“ In this y e a r ” (Sm. b. d.), the Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium : in the retreat,
Xenophon having fallen from his horse was carried on the shoulders of Socrates (Strab., and D.
Laert.). The historian Thucydides, not arriving with his fleet in time to save Amphipolis from the
Spartans, incurred the penalty of banishment. The first prize for comedy awarded to the Equités
of Aristophanes, his first exhibition under his own name ; the second prize, to the Satyri of Cratinus ;
Aristomenes also exhibiting comedy.
Pyrus ( . . . . ) aria of middle Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Germany
“ mehlbeerbaum,” in Italy “ lazzerolo montano ” or “ lazzerolo di montagna” (Lenz), in Greece
“ trôk k ia ” (Sibth.); and the AMAMHMAES of Aristomenes,— Aescliylides, and Athenaeus
xiv. 63, described as not pears, sweet and devoid of a kernel, may be compared : P. aria was observed
by Sibthorp append., and Fraas on the mountains of Greece from Pelion to Athos. Westward, the
“ upomelis ” is described by Palladius xiii. 4 as resembling a sorb, its sweetness mingled with
“ sapore acuto ” a tart flavour : berries of P. aria occur in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland
(Heer) ; the tree is termed “ c. folio subrotundo serrato ” by Tournefort inst. 633 ; was observed
by Lenz on the mountains of Italy; is known to grow al.so on Etna and the Pyrenees (A. Dec.), and
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 302, Crantz austr. i. pl. 2, and Pers.).
“ 423 B. C. ( = 8th y e a r ” of the Peloponnesian war, Thucyd. iv, 116 to 133. and Clint.), the temple
to Juno near Mycenae burned. A new temple — was erected on the site by Eupolemus, and a
statue of Juno made by Polycleitus (Paus. ii. 17), a work o f art much celebrated.
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