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9 0 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
247, P l a n t a g o g r a m i n e a loS, T o r d y l i u m S y r i a c u m 7 0 2 , B u p l e u r u m r i g i d u m 633, T u l i p a s y l v e s t r i s
232, O r n i t h o g a l u m N a r b o n n e n s e 222, “ bulbus eriophorus ” 692 L a n a r i a p l u m o s a , D e l p h i n i u m e la -
t u m 441, A n e m o n e t r i f o l i a 436, 7 'e u c r i u m g n a p h a l o d e s 283, T h y m u s m a s t i c h i n a 271, P e d i c u l a r i s f a s -
c i c u l a t a 56, A n a r r h i n u m b e l l i d i f o l i u m 184, “ alyssum Dioscoridis ” 89 Iw t n a r i a c a n e s c e n s , A n t h y l l i s
l o t o id e s (found by Paludanus on Lebanon) 109, T r i f o l i u m r u b e n s 578, F i l a g o a r v e n s i s 66, C e n t a u r e a
n ig r e s c e n s 124, S a l i x f u s c a 843, A s p l é n i u m l a n c e o l a t u m 456, F u c u s s i t i q u o s u s 480, and F . l o r e u s 479.
— He died “ in 1586.”
D i a n t h u s v i r g i n e u s of the Uralian plains. Described by Dodoens stirp. hist. 176 — (Spreng.) :
observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steu d .); by Pallas trav. i. 64 along the Volga ; known to grow
also in Siberia (Pers.).
A n e m o n e A p p e n n i n a of Italy and Greece. Described by Dodoens pempt. 4 3 4 i- 2 ,— termed
“ ranunculus nemorosus flore cæruleo foliis majoribus Apennini montis ” by Tournefort inst. 285, and
known to grow wild in Provence (Lois. i. 40) Corsica and Italy (A. Dec.) : observed by Gussone
frequent around Naples : by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in shaded situations in the Peloponnesus.
Introduced into Britain, became naturalized “ before 1724,” and continues to be cultivated in parks
(Wats.) ; lias been observed “ sine dubio advena” in Holland (prodr. fl. bat.).
L a t h y r u s s y l v e s t r i s o i Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ 1. sy lve stris” by
Dodoens pempt. 523, — and Clusius hist. ii. 129, “ 1. s. major” by C. Bauhin pin. 344, and Tournefort
inst. 395, and known to grow in mountainous situations throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl.
315, Curt. lond. vi. pl. 5:, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden, fetid and neglected by cattle
by Sestini (Sibth.), and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
T e e s d a l ia n u d i c a u l i s of Europe and tlie adjoining portion of Asia, A small annual termed
“ bursa pastoris minor ” by Dodoen.s pempt. 103, — “ nasturtium pelræum ” by Tabernæmontanus pl.
451, “ n. p. foliis bursæ pastoris ” by Tournefort inst. 214, and known to grow in gravelly and sandy
places from Sweden throughout Europe (C. Bauh. pin. loS, fl. Dan. pl. 323, Curt. lond. vi. pl. 42, and
Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in sunny situations in the Peloponnesus.
P o l e m o n i u m c o e r u l e u m of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain J a c o b ' s l a d d e r or
G r e e k v a l e r i a n (Prior), termed “ valeriana coerulea aut g ra e ca ” by Dodoens 352, — and known to
grow from Denmark and Western France to Caucasus (Tourn. inst. 146, fl. Dan. 255, Pers., and
Spreng.); is further enumerated by A. Decandolle among widely-extended marsh plants.
E r a n t h i s h y e m a l i s of central Europe. Called in English gardens w i n t e r - a c o n i l e (Prior), first
mentioned by Dodoens 440— (Spreng.), termed “ helleborus hyemalis” by Linnæus, and known to
grow wild in Switzerland, Italy, and Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 202, and Pers.), In Britain, has sometimes
escaped from cultivation, but has not as yet become naturalized (Wats., and A. Dec.).
R a n u n c u l u s I l l y r i c u s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ r. illyricus ” by
Dodoens pempt. 428, — and Lobel hist. 383, “ r. lanuginosus angustifolius grumosa radice major ” by
Tournefort inst. 289, and known to grow from Sweden to Narbonne, Italy, and Hungary (Bauh. hist,
iii. 863, C. Bauh. pill. 181, Jacq austr. pl. 222, and P e rs .): observed by Linnæus in Sweden, extremely
rare in Oeland ; by Sibthorp, in sliaded situations on mount Plæmus.
E p i l o b i u m m o n t a n u m of Subarctic climates. Termed “ pseudo-lysimachium purpureum primum ”
by Dodoens pempt. 85,— “ lysimachia siliquosa glabra major” by C. Bauhin pin. 245, “ chamænerion
glabrum majus ” by Tournefort inst. 303, and known to grow from Lapland tliroughout middle Europe,
also in Northern Asia (fl. Dan. pl. 922, Curt. lond. iii. pl. 24, Pers , Dec , and Wats.) : observed by
Linnæus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Schmidt 377, in Bohemia ; by Ludwig, in Switzerland and
Silesia; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople and on the Bithynian Olympus; by Bieberstein, on
Caucasus. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland; by Mertens, at 57“ around Norfolk Sound on the
Pacific; is perhaps the species seen by myself in wet woods at 47° 30' on the Low'er St. Lawrence,
also on the alpine portion of the White mountains, the stigma not examined (see E. tetragoniim),
O p h r y s f u s c a ofth e Mediterranean countries. Termecl “ 0. serapias secundus minor” by Dodoens
pempt. 238, — “ orchis fucura referens flore subvitente ” by Tournefort inst. 434, and known to
grow in Portugal (Pers.) : observed by Decandolle fl. fr. in France ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in
the Peloponnesus. _ ^
P u l l c a r i a v u l g a r i s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ conyza minima” by
Dodoens pempt. 52, — “ c. minor flore globoso ” by C. Bauhin pin. 266, “ aster palustris parvo flore
globoso” by Tournefort inst. 483, and known to occur in rain-water pools, often in the streets ot
dties, throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 613, Curt. lond. iii. pl. 57, and Pers.) : observed by
Linnæus in Sweden, as far as Scania; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople and in Asia Minor.
C a c a l i a a n t e u p h o r b i n m of Austral Africa. Recently brought to Europe, according to Dodoens
pempt. iii. 37S ; — cultivated in Gerarde’s garden, “ in 1596 ; ” described also by C. Bauhin pin. 387,
and Linnæus ; and in Europe very rarely flowering (Curt. bot. mag for 1874).
S e n e c i o v i s c o s u s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Dodoens 641 —
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 907
(Spreng.) ; termed “ jacobæa pannonica prima Clusii ” by Tournefort inst. 486, “ s. incanus pinguis ”
by C. Bauhin pin. 131, and known to grow wild throughout middle Europe, occurring besides in city
streets (fl. Dan, pl. 1230, Engl. bot. pl. 32, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus as far as Stockholm,
having the aspect of S. vulgaris, but entirely viscid ; by Sibthorp, in tlie Peloponnesus.
L i n a r i a p u r p u r e a of the mountains of Italy, Sicily, and Greece. Described by Dodoens 183 —
(Spreng.), termed “ I. p. major odorata” by Tournefort inst. 170, and known to grow on the basal
portion of Vesuvius (Pers.) : observed by Gussone on the mountains of Italy and Sicily ; by Sibthorp,
in Greece. In Britain, is mentioned by Miller, and has escaped from cultivation in as many as six
different localities (Bab., Wats., and A. Dec.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), Cæsalpinus publishing his treatise De plant., enumerating C o n v o l v u l u s
c n e o r u m ix. 27, S a l v i n i a n a i a n s xvi. 36, and “ panacea” H e r a c l e u m a l p i n u m . — (Spreng.). He
died “ in 1603.”
B r i z a m a x im a of the West Mediterranean countries. An ornamental grass called in Greece
“ skolarikakia” (Sibth.); described by Cæsalpinus, — Clusius, and C. Bauhin; termed “ gramen
paniculatum locustis maximis candicantibus tremulis ” by Tournefort inst. 523 ; and known to grow
in Portugal and Italy (Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in cultivated
ground in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. From Europe, was carried by colonists to
Northeast America, where it continues to be cultivated in gardens ; also, to Au.stral Africa, and
India (Pers.).
T h y m u s l a n u g i n o s u s of Western Europe. The “ serpillum citratum ” of Cæsalpinus xi. 52 — may
be compared : T. lanuginosus is described by Miller, and Ehrhart ; was observed by Allioni in
Piedmont (Steud.) ; is known to grow farther North in France, and “ var. citriodorum” is enumerated
by Persoon.
“ In this year ” (J. E , Smith, and Spreng.), Clusius publisliing his account of plants observed in
Pannonia, Austria, etc., enumerating among otliers S a n t o l i n a r o s m a r i n i f o l i a , B u p t h a lm u m m a r i t i m
u m , and “ colchicum pannonicum” S t e r n b e r g i a c o l c h i c i f l o r a , C a r d a m i n e t r i f o l i a 456, V e r o n i c a
l a t i f o l i a 613, S a l v i a A u s t r i a c a 579, P i n g u i c u l a a l p i n a 361, E c h i u m v i o l a c e u m 681, A n d r o s a c e l a c t e a
491, S o l d a n e l l a m o n t a n a 354, V i o l a . g r a n d i f l o r a 359, V . b i f l o r a 357, S e l i n u m A u s t r i a c u m 690, S e s e l i
h i p p o , n a r a i h r u m 698, L i n u m a l p i n u m 304, A l l i u m s e n e s c e n s 221, O r n i t h o g a l u m c o m o s u m 189, O .
p u s i l l u n i 190, T o f i e l d i a a l p i n a 262, C h i n i a p h i l a u m b e l l a t a 507, S i l e n e p u m i l i o 325, S e d u m v i l l o s m n
487, P o t e , i t iU a c a n e s c c i s 429, P . o p a c a 428, P . a u r e a 427, P . C l u s i a n a 425, A c o n i t u n i T a u r i c u m 407,
A . N e u b e r g e t t s e 4 0 8 , A . c e r , i u u m 451, A . c a m m a r u m 412, A . v a r i e g a t u n t 414, C l e m a t i s i n t e g r i f o l i a
294, R a m m c n l u s a l p e s t r i s 364, I s o p y r u n i t h a l i c t r o i d e s 379, M a r r u b i u , n p e r e g r i n u m 5S9, T h y m u s
P a n n o n i c u s 6 2 7 , T h y , n u s a l p i n u s 6 2 3 , D r a c o c e p h a l u n i A u s t r i a c u m 632, P r u n e l l a g r a n d i f l o r a 607,
P . l a c i n i a t a 60S, P e d i c u l a r i s r o s t r a t a 709, B i s c u t e l l a p i c r i d i f o l i a 471, P e l t a r i a a l l i a c e a 466, A r a b i s
b e l b d i f o h a 458, C y t i s u s c a p i t a t u s 38, C . s u p h m s 41, V i c i a o ,- o b o id e s 741, V . P a n n o n i c a 745, A s t r a g a l
u s A u s t r i a c u s 753, A . a s p e r 756, S c o i 'z o n e r a p u r p u r e a 639, S', h u n i i l i s 635, S', r o s e a 637, C a r d u u s
P a n n o n i c u s 656, A r t e m i s i a s c o p a r i a 556, A r n i c a d o r o n i c u n i 518, A c h i l l e a C l a v e n n a e 553.
G e r a n i u m p h a e u n i of tlie mountains of middle Europe. Described by Clusius pann. 416 —
(Spreng.) ; known in Britain as early as “ 1724” as appears from Dillenius (A. Dec.) ; escaping from
cultivation, occurs at present only in suspected localities near gardens (Wats. cyb. i. 259 to iii.ffioo) ;
occurs also in Holland (prodr. fl. bat. 54), and in moist meads around Montdidier in the department
of Somme (Pauqny fl. somm.). In its wild state, is termed “ g. patulum” by Villars, “ g. lividum ”
by L ’Heritier, and is known to grow on the'mountains of Switzerland from France to Pannonia and
Styria (Pers.).
G e n t i a n a , i i - o a l i s of the Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. An annual observed
by Clusius pann. 291 — (Spreng ), Barrelier pl. 103 and 509, and Haller pl. 17, on the alpine summits
of Switzerland (Pers.); by Wahlenberg, on the Carpathians and in Lapland, and is known to grow on
mountain-summits in Silesia (A. De c.); was observed by Pallas on alpine summits in Daouria.
Westward, by Hooker on Iceland; and is known to grow in Labrador (Wats,).
A r a b i s a l p i n a of Subarctic climates. Vernal, and termed “ draba alte ra” by Clusius pann. 462,
— “ hesperis alpina seu muralis minor repens” by Bauhin hist. ii. 118, “ turritis verna” by Desfom
taines, and known to grow in the Arctic region and on mountains farther South (C. Bauhin pin. 109,
Tourn. inst. 221, fl. Dan. pl. 62, Pers., and A. D e c .): observed by Linnæus frequent on the mourn
tains of Lapland; by Boiss, on the mountains of Spain; by Desfontaines ii. 92, in Barbary; by Grenier
and Godron, on the mountains of Corsica; by Hawkins, on the mountains of Crete (Sibth.); by
Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; and by Pallas, at 67° on the Oby. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland, and
received by liim from Greenland and Labrador.
L o i s e l e u r i a p r o c u m b e n s of tlie Arctic region and alpine summits farther South. Observed bv
Clnsiiis 58; — by myself, in the alpine region of Switzerland; known to grow also on the Pyrenees
(A. Dec.), the mountains of Scotland, the Feroe Islands (Martins), and Scandinavian peninsula as far
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