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1 3 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
The èrotun bear, Ursus arctos ; badger, Meles vulgaris ; martin, Mustela martes ; pine martin,
M. foina ; polecat, M. putorius ; otter, Lutra vulgaris ; fo x , Vulpes vulgaris ; European wildcat, Felis
catus ; hedgehog, Erinaceus Europæus ; squirrel, Sciurus Europæus ; wild boar. Sus scrofa, and a
race inliabiting the marshes, smaller with short tusks ; and the roebuck, Cervus capreolus :
Of birds, the kite, Falco milviis \ falcon, F. palumbarius ; sparrow-hawk, F. nisus ; pigeon in
the wild state, Columba palumbus ; mallard or duck in the wild state. Anas boschas ; teal, “ A. quer-
quedula ? ; ” and the heron, Ardea cinerea :
Of reptiles, the box-tortoise, Cistudo Europæa ; and the frog, Rana esculenta : and of fishes, the
pike, Esox kicuis ; carp, Cyprinus carpio ; and bleak, C. leuciscus.
1271 B. C. = (1238 + “ 40 years ” of ten lunations of Josh. xiv. 7), Caleb born to Jephunneh.
The same year ( = “ 200 years before the fall of Troy ” of Bocchus), Saguntum in Spain founded,
and a temple built there to Diana. — The temple was spared by Hannibal from religious motives, and
with the original rafters continued extant in the days of Pliny xvi. 79.
Juniperus communis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain > « « • , m France
“ genev rier” (Nugent), in Germany “ wachholder,” in Italy “ ginepro” (Lenz), on mount Athos
“ këthrôs ’’ -(Sibth.), in which we recognize the “ juniperi ” rafters of this temple, — the tree according
to Pliny xvi. 30 to 78 growing very large in Spain, growing also on the mountains of Italy, and its
timber incorruptible and equalling “ cedro juniperi gravis umbra” is mentioned by Virgil, and
the “ iôunipërôum” of the Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. i. 103 with the “ iôupikëllôuson ” of
the Gauls : J. communis is termed “ j. vulgaris fruticosa ” by C. Bauhin pin. 488, and Tournefort
inst. 5S8 ; was observed by Lenz frequent on the hills and mountains of North I ta ly ; by Forskal,
near Marseilles ; is known to grow throughout middle Europe, and in a dwarfed form as far as the
Shetland Islands, Sweden, Lapland, and Iceland (Hook., Wats., and A . De c.). Eastward, was
observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian Olympus ; and is known to grow throughout
Siberia as far as the mountains of Daouria (Gmel., and Pall.). By European colonists, was
carried to Northeast America, where I have observed it occasionally planted for ornament m our
Middle States. Its berries are employed medicinally, and the oil is said to be “ the most powerful
of all diuretics ” (Alexand., and Lindl.).
Death of Linus, infant son of Psamathe the daughter of Crotopus. On this occasion (according
to Conon Ovid Statius, and others), the “ lin o s ” was composed: a poem however claimed as an
imitation’or translation from the Egyptian - (see Herodot. ii. 79)- The “ lin o s ” is mentioned
by Homer il. xviii. 570 ; and some fragments are extant. The village of Psamathon (“ psamatheithas ”
Nic ther. 887) near the Orchomenian lake seems to have been named from Psamathe.
The same year = “ n th year of Ramessu I I I .,” his victory over the Mashuasha and Tahennu —
(Birch). .. „
1269 B. C. ( = 1290 — “ 21 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, Pausan. u. 16. i . . . . ) , m
Greece, Crotopus succeeded by his son Sthenelas, tenth king at Argos.
A f’ter subduing the Assyrians and Medes, and overthrowing the cities and kingdoms of the
East, Ramessu I IL recalled with his army by a letter ixoxa the chief-priest, giving information of the
misconduct of his brother at home (Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 15).
1268 B. C. ( = 1 2 3 6 + “ 32 y e a r s ” of Euseb. i. and ii.), accession of Lampndes as Assyrian
emperor. “ Thirty ” years only, are assigned to his reign by Syncellus.
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 1258 + “ 10 y e a r s ” of Isocr. . . . , Apollod., Pausan.,_ and others),
arrival of Danaus at Lindus in Rhodes. Being (according to Manetho in Jos. c. A . 1. 15) no other
than Armais the expelled brother of Ramessu I I I . Among other inventions brought by him to
Greece, are enumerated; “ uthrëia ” wells, or perhaps pumps for raising water (Strab. 1. 2. 15 . . . .
and Blair). . r ttt 1 •
The upper portion of the temple at Medinet Abu bears representations of Ramessu III. playing
games, like draughts or chequers, with his daughters ; the origin apparently of the Greek legend of
the “ fifty daughters of Danaus.”
The main hall at Medinet Abu exhibits the battles of Ramessu III., and notwithstanding the
vast expanse of wall, seems barely to afford room : nations not previously figured make their appearance
in his campaigns.
The domestic pigeon, Columba palumbus, has been already noticed as a hieroglyphic character:
but at Medinet Abu,‘ a bird bearing little outward resemblance, is from the attendant circumstances
referred by Wilkinson to the carrier pigeon.— The “ aggëlônta përistëran” or messenger pigeon,
is mentioned by Pherecrates, Athenæus, the pseudo-Anacreon, and Maundeville x.
, Ninety-first generation. May ist, 1267, mostly beyond youth : Elishama (num. i. 10, vii. 48, and
I Chron. vii. 26),'Nahshon (ex. vi. 23, num. i. 7, vii. 12,, Ruth iv. 20, and i Chron. ii. 10), Zelophehad
(num xxvii. I to 3, Josh, xvii, 3, and i Chron. vii. 5), Korah (ex. vi. 21, num. xvi., and I Chron. vi.
22), the artisans Bezaleel and Aholiab (ex. xxxi. to xxxviii, and i Chron. ii. 20) : and among Greeks,
Electra mother of Dardanus (Apollod. iii. 12. l).
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 1 3 7
Samlah succeeded by Shaul or Saul of Rehoboth, sixth king o f Edom (Gen. xxxvi. 37, and i
Chron. ii. lo).
The same year = “ 15th year of Ramessu I I I .,” on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 5S9).
Ships of war first employed on the Red Sea by (“ Sesostris,” according to Herodotus ii. lo i,
meaning probably) Ramessu I II.
The same year ( = 1257 + “ 9 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134), Cecrops succeeded by
Cranaus, third Attic king (reigning however according to some authorities as early as Deucalion’s
conquest, Apollod. iii. 14, 15).
“ 126s B. C. = is t year of Tsou-keng, of the Chang ” or Fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
In the “ sixth generation ” before the fall of Troy (Clint, i. p. 45 to 56), first appearance of Aeolus
or Aeolic Greeks in Thessaly.
Nyctimus succeeded by Areas (of the “ sixth ” generation before the fall of Troy, Clint.), son
of Callisto and now fourth king of Arcadia (Paus. viii. 4. i ) .
1259 B. C. ( = 1247 -|- “ 12 years ” of Apollod. iii. 14. 15, Castor giving only “ to years ” ), and
“ in the reign of Sthenelas ” (T a t , and Clem. Alex.), Cranaus expelled by his son-in-law Amphictyon,
now fourth Attic king : a “ son of Deucalion,” and therefore Hellenic in opposition to the Pelasgians.
— The tomb of Cranaus in the demos of Lamprae continued extant in the days of Pausanias i. 31. 3.
“ 1258 B. C. = 1st year, of Tsou-kia, of the Chan g” or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table).
The same year ( = 1269 — “ 11 years ” = 991 + “ 105 - f 162 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p.
129 to 131, see also Apollod. ii. i. 4, and Pausan. ii. 16. i and 19. 3), in Greece, by consent of the
people and of Gelanor son of Sthenelas, Danaus made eleventh king at Argos.
The acropolis at Argos (according to some' authorities, Strab. viii. p. 371) built by Danaus,
received the name o f “ larissa ; ” and from this spot, the migrations of the Pelasgian Greeks can be
(Xenoph., Dionys., Strab., Pausan., Stephan. Byz., and Clint, i. p. 25).
The same year ;= “ 24th year of Ramessu I I I .,” on the monuments (Champ.-Fig. p. 347). His
name is also inscribed on an older obelisk,— the one removed to and now standing at Alexandria
(Leps. eg. and sin. p. 42).
“ 1257 B. C. = 2d year of Tsou-kia” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Twenty-fourth
cycle.A
s early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232),
Causica reigning in Hindustan.
1256 B. C. = “ 26th year of Ramessu I II , ; ” the latest date in his reign found on the monuments—
(Leps. k. tab. p. 19).
I v\ - 1 (two heads, a man looking inward, and a woman looking outward, signifying “ phulakterion ”
safeguard or amulet, Horap. i. 24) ; “ nahvi ” head ; “ natsh” protection; “ natshperi ” charm,
amulet; “ vòòn ” amulet, evil eye, “ vóoné ” hurt, damage, (the superstition of the ev il eye being at
least as ancient as this d a te ).— The character occurs under the Seventh Ptolemy (Leps. d. iv.
pl. 25).
Strings of a great variety of small articles in pottery or carved in stone are found on Egyptian
mummies, — and one of these strings carried by myself to Zanzibar was recognized by a native as an
amulet : those tied around the head of Zanzibar infants differing merely as I soon perceived in the
selection of natural objects. Northward from Egypt, the amulet “ pèriaptón ” is mentioned by Plato
polit. iv. 426 ; “ vaskania ” witchcraft and the envious eye, by Plato phaed. too, and Demosthenes
coron. 291. 21 : and in Italy we find “ fascia ” and “ fascinum,” the god “ Fascinus,” and “ amuleti ”
tied on infants (Plin. xxviii. 7 and x.xxvii. 12. See phylactery).
In the reign of Ramessu III., ornamental wood-work carried to great perfection at Thebes. In
his tomb at Bab-el-meluk, cushioned cliairs are figured ; with other cabinet furniture, richly carved,
and in some instances presenting unexpected coincidence with the most approved patterns of the
present day.
Lagenaria vulgaris of Eastern Hindustan. The gourd is called in France “ gourde ” or “ calebasse
” (Nugent), by the Turks “ tatli-chappach,” in Yemen “ dubba dybbe ” (Forsk.) and one variety
in Egypt “ qara’ debbeh ” (De l.), in Eg)-ptian “ shlo ” (ms Par.) or “ fént-shlòt ” (transl. Sept, Jonah
iv. 6), and the Cucurbitaceoiis plant without flowers or fruit figured in this tomb — and that of a later
king of the same dynasty, seems to correspond: the “ k a ra ” is mentioned by Ebn Baitar; and L.
vulgaris was observed in Egypt by Abd-allatif, Forskal, Delile, and by Rauwolf in Syria. Farther
North, the “ kolokunte ” is mentioned by Plermippus, Aristophanes, Theophrastus, its “ lily -lik e ”
flower by Diphilus, and Zenobius, and the “ kòlÒkuntha ” by Dioscorides as edible and holding wine ;
the “ cucùrbita ” is mentioned by Cato, by 'Varrò as curved in shape, by Propertius as swollen at one
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