villi'
i'-
-
Bupleurum arista/urn of . . . . Imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger.
Chrysanthemum segetum oi the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain or br
goulans or gowan or golds or goldin or goldings or corn-marigold ox yellow ox-eye (Prior), in Germany
“ goldblume” (Grieb), in Greece “ tzitzimvola ” or “ koukonvagia” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ gahvan”
(Forsk.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : C. segetum was observed by
Forskal around Alexandria (but Forskal’s piant is referred by Delile to C. coronarium). Farther
North, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in waste places and cultivated
ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; by Grisebach, in somewhat wilder situations, but
according to Ledebour becomes rare towards Caucasus, occurring in cultivated ground only (A. Dec.).
Westward, is termed “ ch. folio minus secto glauco ” by Tournefort inst. 492; was observed by
Forskal on Malta, everywhere frequent ; by Gussone, in open situations and cultivated ground on
S ic ily ; by Moris, in like situations on Sardinia; and is known to occur as a weed in cultivated
ground only in Italy, Algeria, Spain, and throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Russia
(fl. Dan. pl. 995, and A. Dec.).
Chenopodhim niurale of the Mediterranean countries. A species of goose-foot called in Egypt
“ menteneh ” fetid (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger: the living
plant was observed by Delile around Cairo ; was received by A. Richard from A b ys sin ia ; and by
Jacquin rar. ii. pl. 345 from Guinea (Pers.). Northward, was observed by Sibthorp along walls at
Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ c, pes anserinus secundus ” by Tournefort inst. 506; was
observed by Desfontaines i. 214 about walls in Algeria ; and is known to occur in like situations
throughout Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (Bergeret phyt. pl. . . , Curt. lond. vi. pl. 20, A. Dec.,
and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America (Wats.), where according
to A. Gray, and Chapman, though “ rare,” it continues to occur about dwellings from Boston and
New York to Florida; was also carried to South America (Wats.).
2070 B. C. ( = 710 “ 1360 years ” of Ctesias, or “ 1000 years ” of Ctesias — 877th 1237 years
enumerated = 1360 even in Eusebius, who in i. p. 44 gives 1247 enumerated years -[- 43 J - 776 =
2066), beginning of Assyrian history. — The date is confirmed, by “ the increasing power of the
Assyrians” proving a source of anxiety to the first Hyksos king of Egypt, less than two centuries
later (see below).
The same year (= 2 1 2 6 — “ 48 — 8 years ” of the Maneth. tables), Lahares suc-
I ceeded by AmSres, sixth king of the Twelfth dynasty. “ E ig h t ” years only are
assigned to the reign of Amgres in the Afr.-Maneth, table ; but the Turin papyrus
' though partially defective in this place, affords evidence, that he reigned at least forty
years. The name of Amunemhat I II. Ma-en-ra occurs at Wadi Maghara, Sarbut-el-
Chadem, and Hamamat (Leps. d. ii. pl. 137 and 138) : — and in after times, in the chamber of kings
at Karnak, and in the order of succession on the tablet at Abydos.
That this king is the Moeris of the Greeks, appears from Diodorus . . ; who enumerates inclusively
“ eighty-three” kings from Menes, in entire accordance with Manetho (Leps. krit. .).
In the Afr.-Maneth. table, the building of the Labyrinth is attributed to the fifth king Lahares;
but in the Euseb.-Maneth. table, to “ Lamaris ” holding possibly the sixth place. The builder is
called “ Moeris ” (by Lyceas of Naucrates) ; and (according to Diodorus i. 97) king “ Marus ” was
al.so called “ Menthes ; ” while (according to Strabo xvii. 1.37) king “ Imanthes ” built both the
Labyrinth and pyramid. According however to Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 14 and 91, the splendid
temple built by “ Amenemhe ” in front of the pyramid, — afterwards became the centre of the Labyrinth
: but the statement of Herodotus, That the Labyrinth was built by the dodecarchs preceding
Psammetichus, has not been refuted.
2069 B. C. = : “ 2d year of Amunemhat I II .,” at Wadi Maghara, the mines there still worked —
(Birch).
Sixty-seventh generation. May ist, 2067, mostly beyond youth :
2062 B. C. = “ 9th year of Amunemhat I II .,” in the quarries at Hamamat— (Birch).
“ 2057 B. C. = 1st year of Tchou, of the Hia ” or Third dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
The same year = “ 14th year of Amunemhat I I I .,” commissioners sent to Samneh to examine
and mark the height attained by the Nile (Birch). “ From the time of Moeris ” (according to Herodotus
. . . ), the annual risings of the Nile were recorded in distinct numbers. The “ large foundation”
of the temple of Kummeh at Samneh was ascertained by Lepsius to be the earliest nilometerj
the name of Amunemhat III. occurring in inscriptions marking the highest risings : “ eighteen ” markings
remained, demonstrating that in his reign the river rose there “ twenty-six feet eight inches ” above
the greatest floods of the present d a y ; and that its mean level was “ twenty-three feet ten inches ”
higher than at present. — Farther down the river on the brink of the First cataract, as remarked by
Horner, the buildings on Philae,show that the river-bed has continued essentially unchanged for the
last “ twenty-two hundred” years (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 20 and 509 to 528). Yet farther down the
I
river at Thebes, the colossi of Amunhotep I II. on the river-flat reveal no material c h 0 0 in the
river and its inundations; I was only surprised at the slight depth of rivw^eposit around then
-7056 B. C. ( = 776 - f 43 + 1237 enumerated years = “ 40 - f 1240, Eusebius m anothw 0 ac
„.Nino- 1 181 + 877th = 2057 = 201; - f “ 43d year ” of Hieronymus), accession of Belus sixth lineal
Ancestor of Ninus, and first king of the Assyrians ; a people possessing as yet only local importance
- (Tbyden,, Cas t, Cephal,, Augustin, civ. D. xviii. 21, and Syncell.). The tomb of Belus opened by
Xerxes was found to contain a legible inscription (Ael. xiii. 3)- „ , a T7„,.n
ootA B. C. ( = 1413 -4- “ 34S + 103 -j- 190 years ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table^ and the E^jp
tian Chronide), a date, the Egyptian Chronicle not being exclusively national, possibly referring to
the last-named change in Assyrian history. . v, ,
“ 2040 B C. = is t year of Hoai, of the Hia ” or Third dynasty — (Chinese chron. table .
“ 2037 B. C. = 4th year of Hoai ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Eleventh cycle.
Sixty-eighth generation. Sept. ist, 2034, mostly beyond youth : f =
Belus succeeded by Babius, fifth lineal ancestor of Ninus, and second king of the Assyrians
rAbvdenus in Euseb- i. 12. p.' 36). . 1 • j
Amunemhat III. Ma-en-ra building the pyramid near the Labyrinth. It contains his name and
is the latest of “ sixty-seven ” (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 14) known Egyptian pyramids ; each of them
constructed for a king’s tomb. , ,
2020 B C “ 42d year of Amunemhat I II .,” on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man p. $62)■
- 2028 B. C. ( = 2015 y- 10 mo. 13 d. + “ 4 + 8 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth table =
J 2210 46 — 38 — 48 — 8 — 42 years ” of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the ^0th
year of Amunemhat I I I .” at Wadi Maghara giving 2027, and the Turin papyrus “ 3 y.
' 10 mo. 4 d, + 9 y. 3 mo. 27 d.” = 2029), AmSres succeeded by Amgndues, seventh
— a y ■— y kino- of the Twelfth dynasty- To whose reign “ eight ” years only are assigned m the
Afr.-Maneth. table", but “ 9 y. 3 mo. 27 d.” in the Turin papyrus. Tlie name of king Amunenfiiat
IV. occurs on a stela, and on other movable articles (now in the museums of 0 ° J
later times, in the chamber of kings at Karnak, and in the order of succession o n the tablet at Abydos.
2020 B. C. ( = 2015 y. 10 mo. 13 d. - f “ 3 y. 10 mo. 13 d. of the Turin papyrus, or
“ 4 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), AmSnSmes succeeded by his sister bkgmio-
phris, now queen of Egypt. She is referred to the Twelfth dynasty in the Turin
papyrus and in the Afr.-Maneth. table : but the title “ Ra-sebaknofru,” found among
the ruin’s of the Labyrinth (Leps. d. ii. pl. 140), in its changed style indicates change
of dynasty. The same title, in different forms, occurs on other monuments : — and in the order ot
this queen’s succession in the chamber at Karnak. , , . , „ „
DiosPyrus reticulata of Madagascar. If the word “ hbni ” m hieroglyphic chararters unfor the
Twelfth dynasty (Leps.) is correctly translated ebony, this material was already brought to and down
the Nile from the Indian Ocean, probably from Madagascar : — the sticks of ebony figured i0 r ib u te -
processions under the Eighteenth dynasty are in the hands of Southern delegates ; Sbnym brought
with elephants’ tusks by the men of Dedan, is mentioned by Ezekiel xxvii. 15; « « o n was
broufot by the Etliiopians on the Nile to Darius (Herodot. iii. 97 to 114), the trees growing beyond
Mero"e (according to Pliny vi. 35 and xii. 8) ; the “ aithiopike ” kind is distinguished by S t r a « xviu
2 and Dioscorides ; and to the present day, Madagascar continues the mam source of the ebony of
commerce. D. reticulata is described by Willdenow ; and according to Tennent 1. 1 17 is the source
of “ the ebony of Mauritius ” (Drury).
“ 2016 B. C.” ( = 1589 + “ Z05 4 - 29 + 30 + 32 - f 30 + 34 + 30 + 35 + 2 years ” of Gm x.
J i _ 7,0 4 - “ 1306 years ” of Diodor. ii, 28, Agath., Euseb., Syncell., and Clmt. v. p.), the
Abrahamic era, also called the “ Assyrian era.” (Nicolas p, 24 agrees, but p. 17 places the era at
“ 2015, Oct. 1st,” = 710 + “ 1305 years ” of Augustin, civ. D. xviii. 21 = 2070 — 55 years ot
c ,,,(,„¡1 _ f o i l “ 402d y e a r ” of Clemens Alexandrinus in Euseb. priep. x. p. 497).
The same year ( = 2015 y. 10 mo. 13 d. = 2229 - “ 213 y. i mo. 17 d.” of the Turin papyrus =
,020 — “ 4 years ” of the Afr.-Maneth. table), end of the reign of queen Skgmiophris : m what manner
is not mentioned, but interference with the established religion is marked by the building of temp
le s— ceasing for nearly four hundred years.
^ . The name of king Sebakhotep, of the Tliirteenth dynasty, occurs on the foundation
lo f the temple of Kummeh at Samneh, in inscriptions marking the highest rise of the I Nile (Leps. d. ii. pl. 151 and eg. and sin. 20). Also on other contemporaneous monu- I ments • — and he is next in the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
“ 2014 B.C.= is t year of Mang, of the Hia ” or Third dynasty (Chinese =— ■ — x^. V-.. -- ---- chron. table).
Sixty-ninth generation. Jan. ist, 2000, mostly beyond youth :