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Mattliew vi. 28: I. sambuciiia was observed by Forskal in the gardens of Egypt. Farther North,
the “ souson ” of the Persians, mentioned by Aristobulus fr. 13, and which seems to have given its
name to the city of Susa beyond the Tigris, is identified by Athenaeus with the “ krinon ; the word
“ sóusinòn ” occurs in the treatise 2 Mul. morb. 74; the “ krinon ” is mentioned by Anacreon, and as
springing up from tears falling on the ground by Theophrastus ii. 2. i and cans. i. 4. 6 : I. sambucina
was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in the open country on Crete, and frequent in cemeteries
and about villages throughout Greece as far as Rhodes. Westward, following the example of
emperors of Constantinople and certain French kings, Louis V I I . in 1137 placed “ fieurs de l i s ” on
his escutcheon (Montf.), and hence according to Prior the English name, as though “ fleur de Louis : ”
I. sambucina is described by Tabernasmontanus pl. 647 ; is termed “ i. latifolia germanica sambuci
odore” by C. Bauhin pin. 31, “ i. vulgaris germanica sive sylvéstris ” by Tournefort inst. 358; is
known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Savi, and Pers.) ; and is cultivated in
middle Europe for ornament. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues a favorite flower in gardens. (See Lilium candidum).
1723 B. C. {— 1752 — “ 30 years ” of Gen. xi 22), Nahor born to Serug.
“ 1720 B. C. = 1st year of Wou-ting, of the Chan g” or fourth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
The Northern language from which certain Greek words were taken, probably at this time in
existence.
The Greek word “ linón ” (used by Homer and others) is regarded as derived from some Northern
langua ge ;— possibly from the Ce/dc “ llin ” meaning a thread, as maintained by Theis gloss, bot.
p. 276. (See Linum usitatissimum, Tilia Europsea, and Paritium tiliaceum).
Quercus robur of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain oak, in Anglo-
Saxon “ ac ” or “ asc,” in Scotch “ aik,” in Sweden “ ek,” in Denmark “ eg,” in ancient Danish “ etk,”
in Germany “ eiche,” in Low German “ eik ” or “ eek,” in Old High German “ eih ” (Prior), in France
“ chene” (Nugent), in Italy “ querce commune” or “ rovere” (Lenz), in Greece “ thènthrò” the
tree (Sibth.) or by the Turks “ mesias” or “ mesjae” (Forsk.) ; the Greek word “ akulos ” (used by
Homer) was adopted from Northern nations — (according to Plato), and is identified with the
German “ eichel ” by Adelung, and Grimm : the “ thruos ” at Dodona where the will of Jove is made
known (visited by Ulysses according to Homer od. xiv. 327 and xix. 296) seems connected with
or the origin of the “ druidae” or ancient priests of middle and Northern Europe: the “ thrus ” is
also mentioned by Hesiod op. 228, Aeschylus prom. 834, Sophocles, Theophrastus, and Dioscorides ;
and O. robur was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Eraas, around Constantinople and
on the mountains of Greece. Farther South, oaks at Thebes in Egypt are mentioned by Theophrastus,
planted of course, for the grove disappeared before the days of Pliny : oaks according to
Clot-Bey continue to be sparingly cultivated in Egypt, but were seen by myself only in the botanic
garden at Cairo, apparently 0 . robur. Westward, the “ quercus” and “ robu r” are mentioned by
Cato, Varrò, Cicero, Virgil, and Pliny ; Q. robur furnished piles or posts of lake-villages in Switzerland
during the Stone period (Troyon) ; is mentioned in Britain in Ina’s statutes during the Heptarchy
; the two varieties are distinguished by Tournefort as “ q. latifolia mas qum brevi pedículo
e s t ” and “ q. cum longo pedículo ; ” were observed by Lenz in Italy, by Moris on Sardinia, and are
known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as “ Lat. 60° 57' ” (Martins, and A. Dec.)
A fifth king o f the Sixteenth dynasty, — is designated by his obliterated title next
in the order of succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
1713 B. C. = (1662 y. 4 mo. - f “ 50 y. i m.” of Manetho in Jos. c. A. i. 14), accession
of the Hyksos king lannas.
1712 B. C. ( = 1682 -f- “ 30 ye ars ” of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.), accession of
Xerxes or Baleus, as Assyrian emperor.
The title “ ra-f? * * * ” of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty, — is next in order of
succession in the chamber of kings at Karnak.
Seventy-eighth generation. Jan. ist, 1700, mostly beyond youth :
The title “ s-het-* *-en-ra ” of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty, not found on contemporaneous
monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of kings
at Karnak.
1694 B. C. ( = 1723 — “ 29 years ” of Gen, xi. 24), Terah born to Nahor.
“ 1691 B. C. = 1st year of Tai-keng, of the C h an g ” or Fourth dynasty— (Chinese
chron. table).
The title “ ra-s-nefru * * ” of a king of the Sixteenth dynasty not recognized on
contemporaneous monuments, — is next in order of succession in the chamber of
kings at Karnak.
1682 B, C. ( = 1644 -f- “ 38 years ” of Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell,), accession of
Amramithes as Assyrian emperor. He is called Armamithres, by Syncellus.
a 1677 B C = 15th year of Tai-keng” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Seventeenth
cvcle Also in the reign of Tai-keng (mem. Chin. viii. p. 192), first historical notice of a language
differing from the Chinese; certain people coming to render homage requiring interpreters (see
'’ " ^ ° A s l« 7 plriiaps as this date the Greek language in existence, with the Í d " D i c e I f
stage of society, the Stone Age or so-called “ Golden Age,” when (according to Hesiod ™d Dmear
chus) mankind lived on spontaneous fruits, and dissensions injustice and war were unknown - (much
as among the tribes of Interior Oregon when visited by myself).
Quercuspubescens of the Mediterranean countries. Resembling Q. ro«r^ and equally « l e
Greece “ thènthrò ” (Sibth,), in Italy “ rovere ” though distinguished as eschio or cjuerce gem
(Lenz); included doubtless in the Greek proverb “ alis thruos” e ffic ien cy m the . X t i f e r i o r
Golden A ro — by Dicearchus : the “ platuphullos ” bearing excellent acorns but the timber inferió ,
is mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 8, also by Pausanias viii. 13. y Q. pubescens vv0 observed y
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to mourn Athos and ™
ward the account by Pliny xvi. 8 of the “ latifolia” seems chiefly taken from rheophrastus . Q.
pubescens is described by Clusius hist. i. pl. .8; is termed “ q. foliis pubescent.bus
by Tournefort inst. 583 ; and is known to grow in Italy and S'®'/ 1 hih p y, ™d A I0 a .
Quercus aegilops oi the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece vélanithia (S'bth-),
in which we recognize the “ valanoi” eaten from the earliest period by the Greeks, - mentioned also
by h I L op 228, Homer od. x. 24., and “ valanèphagói ” by the Oracle after the death of Lycurgus
prohibiting Spartans from warring against Arcadians (Herodot 1. 66 J . J ’ J /
“ aigilòps” is described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as the loftiest 0 the oaks and b e an n , I 7 is
and worst acorns ; and the account by Pliny xvi. 8 seems taken from Theophrastus 0 . seg’f o P f J
termed “ velani” or “ q. orientalis castaneae folio glande recondita in cupula crassa et squamosa y
“ nefort cor, 40 anil trav. i. 128, “ q. orientalis” by Pococke frav. in. pl. 87; was observed by
Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, a large and magnificent tree abounding near ‘ J X
Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor, ^ y^ rg e morn-m^s exportad ^
name of valonia for dyeing cloth: the acorns notavithstandmg their .
were found by J. D. Hooker linn, trans, xxiii. eaten in Syria. Westward, O. asgilo¡0 jy ^ om
ated by Lenz as not indigenous in Italy, and therefore in France and Spam (Pers.) doubtless also
" T l l c u s cerrls of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ cerro ” ™d the acorn “ cerra ”
(LenA in Greece “ agria vélanithia” or “ mikra vélanithia” (Fraas), and probably in c lu d « m the
N a la n f f l” eaten by the earliest Greeks : _ the “ émèris ” or “ étumóthrun ” described by ^ Jo p lira s -
tus iii 8 as not lofty but of a stunted habit with many branches, its acorns 0cond in ^ /
be compared : O. cerris was observed by Fraas in Greece, frequent towards the North. W e s fo a r«
the “ cerrus” arTd “ cerrea g lan s ” are mentioned by Nigidius, Vitruvius, Columella Pliny xvi. 6 to 8
and Palladius i. 9; and 0 . cerris is known to grow in Italy, Southern France, and as far as Spam
IDuroi ii pi. Í, Pers., Lam. fl. fr., and Dèe. fl. fr.). , j
Quercus ballota of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “
ducint edible acorns : - the tree called by the Arcadians “ sm.laka ” is descnbed by Theophiastus
iii ió"as resembling the “ prinò ” but its leaves so te r and not prickly; the “ Ugna glans is mentioned
by Horace, and Virgil eel. vii. i ; that from the kind that is not prickly^is commend« by
Columella vi. 3 ; and according to Pliny xvi. 6 to 8, one of the two kinds of ilex has le a v0 differing
not much from those of the olive, and by some Greeks is called “ smilaces :
by Clusius hist. i. 23 ; is termed “ ilex folio rotundiore molli modiceque sinuato by Touinefoit inst.
583; was observed l y j . D. Hooker in Syria (Daub.); by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and F ra^ , from the
Peloponnesus to the Greek islands, the acorns not eaten habitually as in Spam by De^onta
ii. 350, in Barbary; by Webb, and Boissier, on both sides of the Straits of Gibraltar (A. Dec.), b
h a s not been observed by Lenz wild in Italy. , 1 »
Quercus Tournefortii of the East Mediterranean countries. The ‘ alijihloios or éuthuphloion
one of five kinds of oak producing edible acorns distinguished by the inhabitan s of Ida further
described by Theophrastus iii. 8 as having worthless timber, used only for axles and the like,
referred here by Bose (Steud.): the “ alian thrun ” is mentioned by Eupohs, and Plutarch sjnP- 4- i .
and Pliny xvi. 8 in taking his account from Theophrastus clearly unites the ahphloios with the
“ asprin” of the Macedonians: O. Tournefortii is termed “ q, orientalis latifolia toliis ad costam
pulchre incisis glande maxima cupula crinita” by Tournefort cor. 40 as observed by him in Armenia
fpers,), was observed also by Olivier trav. ii. 5 in Asia Minor, and either nere or in Greece by
Arbutus unedo of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain from the shape and « o u r 0
its fruit strawberry-tree (Prior), in Germany “ erdbeerbaum ” (Grieb), in France “ arbousier (Nugent),