JS«,
722 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
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“ 1225 A. D. = ‘ pao-tsing,’ ist year of Li-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-first dynasty — (Chi-
nese chron. table),
“ May 15th” (Nicol.)j a synod at Paris. Louis VIII. treating with the pope’s legate, ceded his
rights against the English, and prepared to march against the Albigenses or “ heretics.”
“ The same year ” (rudim. chron. Lond.), by the English parliament, a subsidy granted the king
on condition ol the confirmation of Magna Charta : the earliest instance of combining “ a grant of
supply with a redress of grievances,” and thus establishing “ a check on the king’s prerogative.”
“ 1226 A. D. 623 Hej./’ Pall. trav. i. 192), date of “ twenty-two ” Arabic inscriptions in the
cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari, on the Lower Volga.
“ 1227, March 19th” (Alst., and Nicok), Honorius III. succeeded by cardinal Ugolino de’ Conti
di Segni, now Gregorius IX., twenty-second pope. Louis IX. le Saint ruling France.
V e r o n i c a o j f f i c h i a l i s of Northern Climates. Called in Germany “ erenbreiss ” or “ gruntheyl ”
(Trag.) or “ grundheil” from “ grind” leprous diseases, in B x W E x n g r o u n d h e e l e , in France “ herbe
aux ladres” from having cured a French king of leprosy (Prior) or “ veronique” (Nugent) or “ veronica”
after the heaied French king — (Braunsw.) : the “ vëronikës ” is mentioned by Nicolaus
Myrepsus antid. 327» V. officinalis is described by Tragus i. pl. 68, and Dodoens 40 ; is termed “ v.
mas supina et vulgatissima ” by Tournefort inst. 143 ; and is known to grow from Lapland throughout
middle Europe (fl. Suec. ii. 12, fl. Dan. pl. 248, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp in Northern
Greece ; is known to grow also in Siberia (Wats.). Westward, was observed by Plooker on
Iceland ; by Drummond, at 53° on the Rocky mountains; by A. Gray in central New York, “ certainly
indigenous iu many places, especially in the Alleghanies ; ” by myself,'to all aopearance wild
in the forest from the mountains of Western Massachusetts to the environs of Philadelphia.
“ Nov. i8th ” (Nicok), a synod at Rome. The excommunication against the emperor Fredericus
IL “ for not proceeding to the Holy land,” was repeated.
“ The same year” (Lubke and Lutrow), in Spain, the cathedral at Toledo commenced ; — “ two
hundred” years later the building was finished.
“ The same year” (Desvergers), death of the Tartar chief Jenghis Khan. Whose wars and
those of his immediate successors, though directed against Persians and Arabs, contributed to the
extension of Muslim power Eastward, in Central Asia and towards the frontier of China. He was
succeeded by his son Okkodai, now khan of the Tartars.
S e s b a n i a A e g y p t i a c a of Equatorial Africa ? Called in Burmah “ yæ-thoo-gyee ” (Mason), in the
environs of Bombay “ shewaree ” (Graham), in Egypt “ seiseban ; ” in which we recognize the “ sisa-
ban ” of Madschul, — and Ebn Baitar : S. Aegyptiaca was observed in Egypt by Alpinus pl. 82, and
Delile, and according to Forskal, is planted for hedges on account of its rapid growth, is useful also
for firewood, but requires copious irrigation. Ifastward, was observed in Hindustan by Rbeede vi.
pi. 27, Roxburgh, Wight; under cultivation there, by myself; and according to Graham is “ a small
tree of very quick growth,” found by Gibson “ cultivated and extensively used in the plain parts of
the Deccan as a substitute for the bamboo.” P^arther East, was observed by Mason “ exotic” in
Burmah, cuhivated by the natives and termed “ water-chief,” the leaves being applied “ to promote
suppuration.”
“ 122S A. D.” (Elph. iv. i), the Salonka dynasty succeeded by another dynasty of Hindu kings
of Guzerat.
I n d i g o f e r a p a u c i f o r a of Scinde and the neighbouring portion of Plindustan. Its twigs from
early times used for teeth-scrubbers in Scinde and by the Hindus of India— (Bad^rer edit Varthem.
p. 64).
“ 1229, Apr. 29th” (Nicok), a synod at Westminster. The lay lords refused “ to grant to the
pope a tenth of all the revenues of England and Ireland, to be employed in the war against the
emperor” Fredericus 11.
“ 1230 A. D.” (Blair), in the University of Paris, several persons killed in the disputes about
Aristotle.
“ In this year” (Hugh Davies, and A. Dec. geogr. bot. 627), by the Welsh prince Rhys Grug,
land and privileges granted to the physician Rhywallon, to relieve him and his descendants from
pecuniary cares in pursuing their medical investigations. — The family were estalflished at Mydclfai,
have left manuscripts relating to the properties of indigenous herbs, and continued extant until about
“ 1740.”
The encyclopædic work “ De rerum natura” by Thomas Cantipratensis, in this year professor at
Louvain (Humb. cosm.).
“ In or ¿bout this year” (Ramus., and Stanley edit. J. Barbaro p. 46), Seleucha in Cilicia taken
from the Turks by Rubino and Leone, brothers of Armenia.
" r23i A. D.” (Elph. iv. i), Ujen captured by Altamsh, and the dynasty of Plindu kings of Malwa
terminated.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 723
T r i c h o s a n t h e s a n g u m a of Tropical Eastern Asia. Mentioned perhaps in the Nabathean land-
wirthschaft of Sagrit (Safarit) — of Ebn Bait. art. “ kuthn ? ” as well as by Abu Abdallah, for “ schlan-
gengurke” occurs in the translations by Sontheimer anmerk. ii. 12 and 26: T. anguina was observed
by Graham “ commonly cultivated about Bombay” and called “ chiconda;” and by Rumphius v.
pl. 14S, Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan. Farther East, is enumerated by Mason
as “ exotic ” in Burmah, called “ pai-len-mwæ,” and in “ very general demand for vegetable curries ; ”
from its contorted long slender-striped fruit is called s n a k e - g o t t r d h y colonists. As transported to
Europe, is described by Miller pl. 32.
“ 1232 A. D.” (Nicol.), a'synod at Nice. “ On the jurisdiction of the patriarch.”
“ The same year” (Nicok), a synod in London. The authors of the ill-treatment of “ Roman
clerks who had benefices in England,” were excommunicated.
“ In this year (= 5th of the tchao-ting,” geogr. Chin, transl. Klapr.), a Mongol army under Ogo-
tai entering Corea, and “ seventy-two” inspectors established in the principal cities, notwithstanding
the renewal of submission on the part of king Tchhë.
“ 1233 A. D.” (art de verif), Foricawa II. succeeded by his eldest son Sidsio, now at the age of
five dairo of Japan.
“ From Apr. 24th to May loth ” (Nicol.), a synod at Nympha in Bithynia. “ On the procession
of the Ploly Ghost.”
“ The same year” (Blair), the I n q u i s i t i o n committed to the care of the Dominican Order of
monks.
“ The same year” (rudim. chron. Lond.), discovery of c o a l at Newcastle in England.
“ 1234 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ touan-ping ’ of Li-tsoung ” of the Soung, “ end of the rule of the
Kin” (Chinese chron. table). The Tartar khan Okkodai having consolidated with his empire all the
provinces North of the Kiang (Yule i. p. cxviii).
One hundred and sixty-sixth generation. May ist, 1234, onward mostly beyond youth : the Chinese
astronomer Ye-Iou-thsou-tsai : the Persian writer Nasir-eddin Tousi ; the Jewish writers, Meir
Abulafia, Abul Menni ben Abi Nassar ben Hafidh el-Atthar, David Kimchi, Jacob of f'rance: the
Arab writer Abraham Ibn Sahl: the Greek writers, Germanus of Constantinople d. 1254, Nicephorus
Blemmides, d. after 1255, Arsenius of Corinth d. after 1264: Hugo de S. Caro, Jacobus a Vitriaco,
Matthæus Paris ; John of Halifax ; Peter de Vignes ; Grostest ; Bruno de Lungoburgo ; the scholastic
theologians, Gulielmus Antisiodorensis, Gulielmus Parisiensis, and Alexander de Ales : the painter
Margaritone d. 1275 (Bryan).
“ In or about this year” (Hillel ben Samuel, and Steinschneid. ii. 11), a controversy among the
Jews respecting Maimonides, and the “ Jewish creed” submitted by them “ to the judgment of Christians,”
The result was, that the Talmud and other Hebrew writings “ to the number of about twelve
thousand volumes” were publicly burned at Paris.
Verbal information received from Abd-allatif by Ebn Baitar (art “ jimjim” ).
M a l v a v e r t i c i l l a t a of China. Called in Egypt “ khobbeyzeh,” in which we recognize the “ melu-
kiyya” seen in Egypt by Abd-allatif, and identified by him with the “ kliobbeiza: ” — a cultivated and
esculent 77i a l l o w resembling M. rotundifolia, was seen in Egypt by Forskal; M. verticillata was observed
there by Delile, and its field-culture, mentioned by Ciot-Bey, was witnessed by myself As
transported Westward, M. verticillata is described by Linnæus, Jacquin hort. pl. 40, and Cavanilles ii.
pl 25 ; and since 1S43, has made its appearance in cultivated ground near Llanely in Wales (Engl,
bot. pl. 2953, Bab., and A. Dec.).
C i t r u s l i 7n o 7i u } > i of Tropical Eastern Asia. The “ limun de baume an inch long and of the shape
of an elongate egg,” seen in Egypt by Abd-allatif, — may be compared : l i 77i e s were seen in Egypt by
Belon ; and the “ leymoun maleh ” of Delile, may also be compared. Farther North, the “ limon pusillus
” is described in 1638 by Ferrari pl 211 ; and C. limonum, recognized by the crenulate leaves, is
flgured as a greenhouse plant by Parkinson. Eastward from Egypt, C. limonum was observed by
myself at Muscat ; the “ lime tree” is enumerated by Graham as “ common in gardens” in the environs
of Bombay; and the “ small acid lime” is described by Mason v. p. 453 and 760 as “ exotic” in
Burmah, but “ seen almost everywhere iu abundance.” By European colonists, C. limonum was carried
to the islands of the Pacific, as ascertained by myself at the Hawaiian, Taheitian, and Tongan
Groups ; and a single tree of unknown origin was said to exist on the Samoan Group.
S o r f n w i s a c c h a r a t u 77i of Abyssinia ? Called in Yemen and Egypt “ dokhn,” in which we recognize
the “ dokhn,” descriljed by Abd-allatif as cultivated only at the Southern extreme of Egypt: —
S. saccharaium was observed by Forskal in a garden at Rosetta, the seeds given to birds ; by Delile,
in a garden at Cairo ; and as transported Westward, is described by Linnæus, and Mieg pl. 4. Southward
from Egypt, was found by Forskal p. 174 extensively cultivated in Yemen as an esculent grain.
Eastward, was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh ; according to Graham, was found by Sykes cultivated
in the Deccan and called “ shaloo ; ” and farther East, is mentioned by Mason v. p. 476 as
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