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YYYY heavens falling ; “ dsak ” to be molested, plagued ; “ shaëiô ” or “‘ ttsshhaëio ’
“ tshaië ” condemnation ; “ t s v k ë ” or “ tsvkö ” to make lower, dismiss; “ tstö ” to reject,
treat with scorn; “ t s tö ” to come back, return. — The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty,
also in the Book of the Dead (Buns, and Birch).
“ tsahoul” to muzzle, curb. — The character occurs under the Fourth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pi.
y 15). A second form occurs under the Twenty-first dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pl. 246). A third,
aunder the Persian con M quest (Champ, gram. 142, 38, 48, and Buns, and Birch). “ SÖ ” or “ tsë ” or “ tsëi ” or “ tso ” or “ tsö ” to pour out water, to drink. — The character
occurs under the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 427).
“ tsië ’ or “ tsiö ” to be satisfied ; “ toots ” a double seat. — The character occurs in the Book -
of the Dead xxii. 53. 4. 21, also under the Seventeenth dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pl. 5).
s\ hand hanging down; “ hets ” extremity of foot or hand; “ niatstë ” tender, weak ; “ niats”
attention, expectation, hope. — The character occurs as early as the . . . . dvnastv (Chamn.
diet. 459).
q or kw, its pervading meaning question.
V “ koihi ” nerve ; “ köd ” questions, to interrogate ; “ körtsh ” or “ kôrëtsh ” to supplicate, ask ;
/ in “ k o l j ” or “ k ö lj” to bend, in cu rv e ;— in Hebrew “ kwsh ” to be incurved, “ ky ” whether.?
when ; in Sanscrit “ kas ? ka ? kim .? ; ” in Greek “ kôië ” in what manner ? ; in Latin “ quaestio,
quaero, qua, qualis, quam, quamdiu, quamdudum, quamobrem, quampriclem, quando, quantus, qua-
propter, quare, quatenus, queiscum, quemadmodum, qui, quianam, quicurn, quid, quidnam, quidni,
quidum, quin, quis, quisnam, quo, quoad, quomodo, quonam, quorsum, quot, quoteni, quoties, quotu-
mus, quovis, quousque, quum ” ; in English “ inquire, quietus.” The character occurs in the Book
of the Dead, and continues in use under the Twenty-sixth dynasty (sarcoph. queen of Amasis, Buns,
and Birch).
Ä “ kôëih ” or “ köih ” or “ köhi ” scabbard ; — in Greek “ kôlëôs ” or “ kôulëôs ” scabbard. The
I character occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. k. pl. 31 to 45).
3 “ korvi ” knife ; “ körj ” or “ korj ” or “ köör ” to cut off, be cut off ; “ kôôns ” or “ köns ” or
7 “ köns ” slaughter, to slay ; “ kövh ” or “ kövh ” cord, sinew, “ kovh ” to cut the sinews ; “ kolp ”
\j or “ kölp ” thieving, to steal ; — in Hebrew “ kwdz ” to cut, “ kwi ” to incise or dig, “ kwr ” to dig,
“ kwdz ” or ■■ kwt ” to disdain ; in Greek “ köura ” a young woman, “ koura ” a shearing. The
character occurs from the Third dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. d, ii. pl. 5 to iii. pl. 255).
“ kara ” head or skull ; “ kahi ” head of book or chapter; “ p ërkôti” male ape; — in Hebrew,
Zi the nineteenth letter “ kwph ” back of the head, occiput ; “ kwph” monkey, in Sanscrit “ kapi,”
in Greek “ këpôs ” or “ këvôs ” ; in old English “ cop ” top or head. The character occurs from the
Fourth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 25, and k pl. 7 to 63) ; is besides
the origin of the form ç of the obsolete Greek letter “ koppa” ; which transported to Italy became
the Roman q, and the later and Western O. The form P of the Phcenician and PIebrew letter
“ kwph ” is not unlike a side view of the occiput ; and is continued in the Etruscan, later Roman,
and our Western q.
(headless man walking, signifying “ athunatön ” impossibility, Horap. i, 55) ; “ at-jöm ” or
“ at-.shöm” impossible ; “ köratsh ” or “ kömtsh ” to laugh at, deride. — The character occurs
from the Third dynasty to the Nineteenth (Leps. d. ii. pl. 7, and k. pl. 35).
g (leopard-skin joined to a hyæna-skin, signifying vanquished by an inferior, Horap. ii. 67) ;
“ k ô ô v ë f” feeble, weak; “ kôôvë ” or “ kôôvë ” compelling; “ k ô ô fë ” or “ kôôvë ” prohibiting ;
“ köou ” or “ kôôuë ” or “ kööu ” strangers, others. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty
to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 19, 144, and k. pi. 50 to 56). The following modification
occurs under the Eighteenth dynasty, and continues in use under the Thirtieth (Leps. d. iii.
pi. 52, and k. pl. 50).
(star and sun with its disk cut in twain signifying a betrothed woman ; star sometimes signi-
fying sou! of a male human being, also destiny, Horap. i. 13, ii. i and 13). “ k ö r tsh ” to
sweeten.— The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 5).
“ k o h ” or “ kööh.” corner, summit, precipitous or abrupt; “ kôuklë ” apex; “ k ô ô n s ” or
“ köös ” or “ kös ” or “ köös ” corpse, to prepare for burial ; “ kôlëm ” or “ hôlëm ” quickly or
to hasten.— The character occurs from the Fifth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d.
ii. pl. 58, 98, and k. pl. 15 to 61. For “ hoiron” pig, signifying lost or ruined, Horap. ii. 35, see pig),
r, its pervading meaning “ rushing o n ” (Plato).
“ ro ” or “ ró ” mouth ; “ ro ” door ; “ éiéro ” or “ éiódr ” or “ iaro ” or “ iSro ” river ; “ rStli-
5i5n ” torrent; “ r a ” river-moutli ; “ rooutsh ” loquacity, conversation; — in Hebrew “ yor ”
the Nile (Buns, and Birch v. p. 749); in Greek the seventeentli letter “ ró,” also “ r é ó ” to flow,
“ roe " stream, “ rume ” rushing on, current, “ héimarrós ” winter torrent ; in Latin “ rivus ” river,
“ rivulus ” rill, “ ruo ” to rush, “ curro ” to run, “ cursus ” course, “ rapidus ” rapid. The character
occurs on the Gliddon mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing
(Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, and k. pl. 5 to 67).
0 ) “ rëpôtia” winnowing-fan, “ ripid” sacred fan ; “ ra k ” or “ raki ” or “ r ë k ” or “ rëkt ” or “ rikë ”
or “ r ik i” to bow down, incline; “ r ik i” or “ rëkrikë ” or “ rëkriki ” nodding, inclining the head;
“■tsharô ” or “ rôf ” or “ rrët ” or “ ë rë t” promise, vow; “ ë rëu ” or “ ë rëôu ” mutual; “ môur”
bond, to bind — The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, mon. iii. 219).
i ] the cottage ; “ ërvi ” or “ ërshô ” or “ ërsô ” habitation. — The character occurs on the Gliddon
_X mummy-case, and from the Third dynasty to the Seventeenth (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3, 110, and k. p l 24).
And seems a figure of the cottage in fasliion at the time of the invention of writing. The flat
roof indicates a rainless climate ; the material of the walls being probably mud suffered to dry in the
sun. The window has at least the form of the arch; and it may be, that dobi or mud-bricks were
already in use. — “ Tombs with vaulted roofs made of mud-bricks as far back as the time of the
pyramids,” are mentioned by Lepsius Eg. and Sin. p. 74.
raôuë ” or “ rauë ” bedroom, bed ; “ rôm ” or “ ërôm ” couch ; “ rôtëv ” to recline ; “ tshëël ”
“ tsh a r ” or “ tshaar” hide or skin; “ tshairi ” or “ tshairë ” nuptial couch; — in Engli.sh
“ room, chair.” The character occurs from the Eleventh dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 149,
118, and k. pl. 57). A second form occurs from the Nineteenth dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic
writing (Leps. k. pl. 32 to 63).
y» “ tshairë ” or “ rôt ” or “ ërô.uôt ” or “ ôurôt ” or “ ratshi ” hilarity, festivity, joy ; “ ratshi ” or
I “ ra tsh ë ” or “ ôurôt” to rejoice; “ ra itë ” guests; “ rôuh ë ” or “ rouhi ” evening ; — in Greek
j \ “ hairë ” rejoice, greeting ; in English “ ro u t” festive assembly or crowd. The character occurs
as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ, diet. 30). A possible modification occurs from the Seventeenth
dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k. pl. 23 to 67). A wedding among the
rural population of Upper Egypt witnessed by myself, was attended by men standing in a row and
clapping hands.
^ “ sistra ” sistrum ; “ rôôunë ” virginity ; “ rana” to be admired; “ ra n ” or “ ëran ” agreeable,
H pleasing, to accept ; “ ratsh ” or “ rëtsh ” or “ rôtshë ” or “ rôtshi ” sufficient, to be content ; — in
I English “ sister.” The character occurs from the Tenth dynasty to the Twenty-second (Leps. k.
I) pl. 10 to 45). A second form ^ occurs under the Ptolemies (Leps. k. p l 52). A third form
occurs under the Twenty-eighth V <Iynasty (Leps. k. pl. 49). The sistrum was known to the
Romans as an Egyptian musical in strument (Propert., Ovid amor. el. 8) ; the Egyptians being
further characterized as “ sistrata turba ” by Martial xii.
^ (half of snake signifying king over only part of the world, Horap. i. 60); “ r a tsh ” or
7----— ' “ rënphah ” to divide ; “ rë ” or “ rë ” part ; “ rra ” or “ rrô ” or “ ërra ” ot; “ ërrô ” or “ ôurô ”
king; “ r r ô ” queen, “ rrôôu” kings; “ ôurit ” or “ rit ” keeper, governor; “ ourad” keepers; — in
Hebrew the twentieth letter “ ra sh ” or “ r y sh ” head; in Arabic “ rais ” captain. The character
occurs under the Third and Fourth dynasties (Leps. d. ii. p l 3 to 31) : and seems the origin of the
form q of the Phcenician and Hebrew letter “ rash,” P of the Greek letter “ rô,” continued even in
Celtiberian, and Q of the Umbrian and Oscan r. A“ rë ” or “ rë ” sun ; “ rasd ” or “ rastë ” morrow ; “ tsliôrp ” in the morning ; “ phôr ” or “ ra-
SÔU ” or “ ra so u i” dream; “ rôht ” trance; “ rôan ” or “ ë rtshan” when; — in FI ebrew “ b k r ”
morning, “ mhr” morrow, in Greek “ aurion,” in Latin “ eras.” The character occurs from the Eighteenth
dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. iii. pl. 152, and k. p l 29 to 58).
W *" rôôuë ” or “ rôôui ” or “ arôôuë ” harvest-remains or stubble ; “ sësrit ” gleanings, ears of
grain that escape the sickle ; “ srit ” to collect the remains ; — in Hebrew “ hrb ” laid waste,
“ hrgl ” or “ arbë ” locust ; in Greek “ akris ” grasshopper ; in Latin “ calamitas ” calamity, from the
Greek “ kalamë ” straw or stubble. The character occurs as early as the “ Twentieth ” dynasty (Buns,
and Birch, Champ, gram. 41, 105, and diet. 178). A second form 0 A occurs under the Twenty-sixth
dynasty (Leps. d. iii. pl 262). X
The tcc7/st, Gryllus migratorius, is a large Tropical species of grasshopper belonging properly to
the Desert ; from the mouth of tlie Red Sea (where it was observed by myself) Northward to Syria
and the shores of the Mediterranean, and in migratory bands sometimes crossing from Africa into
I taly— (Plin, xi. 3S). The “ arbë ” or “ arvë ” was one of the plagues of Egypt in the Jewish Exodus
x. 4; and with occasional years of devastation continues to abound there (Clot-Bey ii. 90).
i# (lion and torches signifying passion chastised or restrained by fire, Horap. ii. 71) ; “ ragt ” or
“ rëgt ” or “ rôgt ” to excoriate, destroy ; “ raht ” or “ rëht ” or “ rôht to chastise, strike ; “ rautsh ”
J o r “ rëmrautsh ” or “ rmratsh ” tame ; — in English “ a burned child dreads the fire.” The
character occurs un
der the Fourth and Fiftli dynasties (Leps. d. ii. pl. 21, 29, 78). The combi-
nation occurs under
the Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 64).
(sting-ray “ trugona” hooked signifying expiation and penitence, for the fisli when captured
f casts its sting, Horap. ii. 105); “ rami” skate or ray; “ 6r-thmaid ” to expiate; “ pahrS” or
m í