the Caspian (Ledeb.) ; is said by Strabo ii. i. 14 to be unknown in Bactria, but was observed by
Elphinstone p. 46 seemingly wild in Cabul, devoid however of a Sanscrit name (Pidd., Royle, and A.
Dec.). Westward from Greece, prior to the reign of Tarquinius Priscus was unknown in Italy,
Barbary, and Spain (Fenest.) ; its oil was employed by Hannibal (Liv. xxi. 54) ; the “ olivina” is
mentioned by Plautus ; the “ oliva” or “ olea ” and its culture, by Cato, Varrò, Cicero, Horace, Virgil,
Columella, and had reached Gaul and Sp.ain before the time of Pliny ; O. sylvestris was observed by
Bontier in “ 1403 ” on the Canary Islands, and is even regarded by Buch, and Webb, as indigenous.
B y European colonists, was carried prior to “ 1560” (Vega 391, and Holmes) to Peru, in which
country as well as in Chili Jm e t with fresh fruit of good quality; in “ 1837,” was carried from Egypt
to Hindustan (Graham).
By Noah, an altar built : on which, “ of every clean beast and of every clean fowl,” he “ offered
burnt offerings ” (Gen. viii 20).
Until the founding of Babylon, of the city and tower of Babel, “ the whole earth was of one
language and o f one speech ” (Gen. xi. i to 9). This language was of course that of the Egyptian
hieroglyphics, the so-called “ Coptic ” language : certainly at this date in existence, while no other
known language can be traced so far back. — The fact is further confirmed by the Chinese having
retained a monosyllabic form of language ; by the secondary or triliteral form of the Shemitic
or Chaldaic ; while yet further syllabic addition characterizes the Sanscrit and Ind-European class of
languages. Confirmation is also found in the order of affiliation : many Heitrew and many Sanscrit
words having been taken from the Egyptian language, while with the possible exception of names of
foreign animals and plants, no Egyptian word has been borrowed from either the Hebrew or Sanscrit ;
many Greek words have been borrowed from the Hebrew, but no Hebrew word from the Greek;
many Latin words from the Greek, but no Greek word from the Latin ; and many English words from
the Latin, but no Latin word from the English.
The poetical account of Lamech and his two wives, in which the seven-fold vengeance protecting
Cain is mentioned (Gen. iv. 23 and 24), is regarded as “ most probably the oldest specimen of Hebrew
poetry extant” (Kitt. bibl. cycl.). The poetical curse on Canaan, in which Shem and Japheth are
mentioned (Gen. ix. 25 to 27), is attributed to Noah himself. — Poetry, it should be noted, can be
transmitted without the aid of writing. . .
The tomb of Abeba, an officer who accompanied king Athi “ in his voyages to the edifice of the
South,” has been found at Sakkarah (Birch).
The presence of the name of king Athi on the road leading to the port of Kosser, is evidence of
the existence of navigation upon the Red Sea, of mariti/ne commerce with Araljia and countries
beyond. The harbour of Abu Zelimah in the Sinai peninsula (according to Lepsius eg. and sin. p.
305), was “ a position of great importance long before the time of Moses.”
Vessels from the Red Sea probably visiting Hindustan as eariy as this date; following Desert
shores to the new aspect of nature beyond the Persian Gulf.*
Dilivaria ilicifoUa of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan throughout the Malayan archipelago.
One of the first objects to attract attention on landing, — a maritime shrub from its foliage called sea-
liolly, but in Burmah “ kha-ya ” (Mason); in Pampango “ dulavari,” in Tagalo “ diliuario” or
“ doloariu ” or “ laguio laguio ” or “ tingloi,” in Bisaya “ tiotio ” (Blanco) : observed by Graham about
Bombay, growing “ abundantly in salt marshes by Rheede ii. pl. 48, in Malabar; by Roxburgh,
along the Eastern side of Hindustan; by Mason, on the seashore of Burmah, its root according to the
natives “ a-cure for the bite of poisonous sn a k e s ;” by myself, abounding throughout the Malayan
archipelago to the Philippines, where also it was observed by Blanco. 8 2608 B. C. ( = 2609 in calendar years = 2857 — “ 248” dynastic years of the Afr.-
Maneth. table, the Euseb.-Maneth. table giving 2498 - ( - “ 203— to o -)-6 ” = 2607),
Othoes or Athi put to death by his own guardsmen, and succeeded by Phios. The
name of king Pepi occurs at Wadi Maghara, Sauiet el Meitin, Shech Said, Hamamat
(Leps. d. ii. pl. n o to 116), and beyond Dongola as far up the Nile as Napata (Glidd.
analect.),— alsa on monuments of later times, as the chamber of kings at Karnak.
Pepi clearly has two hieroglyphic ovals ; a title or surname apart from the name. The cobra 01-
asp projecting from the forehead, also now designates a king (compare Plorap. i. 57 to 60).
2607 =G “ second year of Pepi,” the inhabitants of the Sinai peninsula reconquered— (Bircli).
Tamarix Africana of the Desert and its Northern border from the Atlantic to Hindustan.
Called in Engli.sh tamarisk (Prior), in Greece “ murikia” or “ annurikia ” (Fraa.s) or liy the Turks
* In the following pages, the horizon of Egypt includes the nearest portion of Hindustan; the
line of demarcation separating plants growing farther East that even through their commercial products
continue unknown to the Egyptians.
:
“ ii ffiiin” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ ta rfæ ” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the Egyptian trvaein or
“ tr leë in ” or “ tërvëëin” (transl. Sept., and ms. Par.) identical with the “ tshë-n-osi mischief-wood
ncirch )- also the “ murike” a most ancient plant, coronary among the Egyptians m religious proces-
lio ls - - ’and among the Magians of Media, according to Metrodorns : T . Mricana was observed by
Forskal and Delile, in the Egyptian Desert, affording inferior charcoal; by myself, on the Desert-
marvin In Upper Egypt and around Mocha. Farther North, the “ murike ” was used even among the
slvtiiians by soothsayers, the Apollo on Le.sbos holding a branch (Alcaeus, Herodot., Dmon, and
schol Nicand. ther. 613); is mentioned by Homer il. vi. 39 and x. 466 as growing around T ro y ; by
Heca'taeus, Theophrastus, Strabo; and the “ myricen” by Pliny xxiv. 41 as infehoem arborem
never planted in Italy ; T . Africana was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the
Peloponnesus and other parts of Greece; by Desfontaines i. p. 269, in Algeria; by Forskal, near
Marseilles; is termed “ t. narbonensis ” by Tournefort inst. 661, “ t. gaUica by Dnnæu^ is known
to o-row also in Italy and Spain (Pers., and Lenz). Eastward from Arabia, was observed by Deacon
ablundino- “ on the banks of the Indus and throughout Cutch and Scinde, where it is commonly used
for fire w lo d ” and is called “ jhaoo” (Graham) ; according to Thunberg, grows also m Japan and is
railed “ iio n e ” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues an
™ e n t a l plant in gardens. The bark according to Lindley “ is slightly bitter and astringent.
‘■^'"lI'the^sTiripemnsula, “ an abundance of a white sweet gummy substance resembling manna” is
collected from Tamarix Africana; ascertained by Seetzen, Burckhardt, and Ehrenberg to be an
exudation produced by an insect. Coccus nianniparus (Spreng., and Lmdl ). Beyond the Euphrates
and a little farther South, Persian manna called “ gen ” (see above) was observed by Frederick to be
“ formed by an insect in that way,” but “ only on the larger branches covered by foose minute insects
and none is formed near wounds or cracks in the bark ; ” agreeing with another tr^ e lle r saw it
in the same country both.on a tamarisk and .on the small oak of Kermanshaw ’ (Malcolmson).
A lh a g i Maurorum of the Desert, from North Africa to Hmdustan. Tlie camel s thorn, a hardstemmed
plant a foot or two high growing in loose beds in the Desert, is called in E g y 0 aglml
(Forsk.), in Egyptian “ ali ” (lex. Oxon.), the same word meaning to take — (transl. Sept.) , an0 its
exudation is regarded by some writers as the “ mn” manna of the Israelites ; tlie throsomëh or
“ aërômëli ” of Lebanon, procured by shaking the branches of a plant, is mentioned by Galen iac. al.
iii p 739 ; the “ shirchashak ” described as the best kind of manna by Eltammi, and Ebn Baitar is
referred by Sprengel, and Sontheimer, to A. Maurorum ; the chief source of the “ manna_ of the
Arabs,” as ascertained by Rauwolf, and Tournefort trav. i. p. 247, collected “ by merely shaking the
branches ” (Lindl.) : the plant, much relished by camels, was observed by Forskal p. 136, Delile, and
myself, frequent in the Egyptian Desert. Farther East, is called in Persia “ shooturk,” ,n S an ^ n t
“ yasa ” or “ yavasa,” in Hindustanee “ juwasa ” (Lmdl.) ; was observed by Burnes throughout
Scinde ; and by Law, “ common in Guzerat and S. M. country ” (Graham). ^ ,, . „ , ^ ,
Artemisia inculta of the Egyptian and Syrian Desert. Called m Egyptian hum (ms. Copt ,
and Edw.), while a word perhaps not distinct means interior of the Desert — (tranfo S ep t Ex. 111. i_).
the Greek word “ ërëmos,” if not the Hebrew “ hrm,” may therefore be derived from this plant: m
the days of Dioscorides, the “ sëriphon ” or “ apsinthion thalassion ” was substitated for olive branches
in Isis-processions at Taphosiris (West of Alexandria) : A. inculta is described by Delile, as observed
by him toward the Red Sea in the Desert, with marks of having been cropped by catfo. Farther
North the “ sëriphon” or “ apsinthion thalassion” employed as a vermifuge, is further described by
Diosclrides as an herb with slender branches resembling the “ avrôtonô mikró,” and aboundmg along
the Taurian mountains in Cappadocia where cattle fatten on it ; an account repeated by Phny xxvi,
29 and xxxii. 31. Sprengel ascertained by experiment that cattle will feed on various species of
Artemisia.
Fifty-first generation. Jan. ist, 2600, mostly beyond youth :
2W! B C = “ i6th year of Pepi,” found on the monuments— (C. Mull. fi. Maneth. p. 5554
2 5 / b ! C.' = “ 4th Mesori, 18th year of Pepi,” in a tablet at Wady Maghara, examination of the
mines there by a commission — (Birch). , , „ r- 'r • -ru,»
An inscription by Una, priest of the pyramid of Pept, has been found at San or Tams. The
p y r am i d was probably “ one of the group at G izeh ” (Birch) . )
The name of king Merenra occurs at Wadi Maghara, Chenoboskion (Leps. d. 11. pl. 113),. I in a tablet on the Kosser road (Glid. analect.), and in an inscription at Abydos with evidence
that he immediately succeeded Pepi - (Mariette 79)i also on monuments of later tunes, as m
1 the chamber of kings at Karnak, and a different form of apparently the same name in the
The priest Una, after holding office under Athi and Pepi, was placed by Merenra in charge of
an expedition up the Nile, to procure syenite for the royal pyramid — (Birch).
i d -