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662 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
cultivation extending so slowly as only recently to have reached Greece (Chaub.) and Egypt (Ciot-
Bey) ; roots “ imported from Hindustan ” were seen by myself at Muscat, Mocha, and Zanzibar, and
the plant under cultivation at the last-named locality; observed also by myself cultivated on New
Zealand by the natives ; and in Northwest America, forming the Commencement of Agriculture
among the Chinnooks.
“ 984 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Benedictus 'VII. succeeded by Joannes XV., seventy-
third archbishop.
“ 985 A. D. (= 1645th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Jen-wo succeeded by Ouassan, eldest son of
Ren-sei, and now dairo of Japan.
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicol), at Rome, Joannes XV. succeeded by Joannes XVI., seventy-
fourth archbishop.
“ 986 A. D.” (Rafn), a colony from Iceland led into Greenland by Erikus Rufus, and a settlement
formed on the “ Southwestern shore.” Later in the summer, Bjarnius sailing for Greenland, was
driven by adverse winds far Westward, and saw land, covered with woods, and here and there low
hills (Newfoundland). Leaving this to the larboard, at the end of “ a day and night” he saw another
land, “ flat and covered with trees ” (Labrador ?). He continued thence “ three ” half days’ sail
to a high and mountainous land covered with glaciers ; and “ two days and two nights” afterwards,
reached his destination in Greenland.
A portion of the constructions at Pachacamac (“ pacha” world and “ camac” creator), and many
huacas or burial-mounds in Lower Peru, older according to “ some old writers” than the time of the
Incas : * — the oracle and temple were captured by the inca Pachacutec, and a considerable portion of
the city was in ruins when visited by Hernando Pizarro (Ciez., and Markham edit. p. 255).
early times used medicinally: —observed by Feuillée ii. pl, 22, and Molina; by myself, frequent in
the open country.
Polygala clinclin of Chili. Called in Chilian “ clinclin ” (Molin.), and from early times used
medicinally : — termed “ polygala coerulea ang.” by Feuillée (Molin.).
Mimosa balsamica of Chili. Called in Chilian “ jarilla” (Molin.), and from early times used
medicinally : — observed by Molina.
Gnaphalium viravira of Chili. Called in Chilian “ viravira” (Molin.), and from early times used
medicinally : — observed by Frezier i. 205, and Molina.
Senecio nilgüe oi Chili. Called in Chilian “ nilgüe ” (Molin.), and from eariy times used medicinally
: — termed “ jacobæa leucanthemi vulg. fob” by Feuillée (Molin.).
Solidago diuca of Chili. Called in Chilian “ diuca-Iahuen ” (Molin.), and from early times used
medicinallv : — termed “ virga aurea leucoi. foi.” by Feuillée (Molin.) ; and possibly the species observed
by mj'self from the coast to the middle mountain-region of the Andes.
E iyihræ a Chiiensis of Chili. Annual, called in Chilian “ cachanlahuen ” (Molin.), and from
early time.s used medicinally : —described in mem. Acad. 1707 ; observed also by Feuillée ii. pl. 35,
and Molina.
Plegorhizaguaicuru of Chili. Called in Chilian “ guaicuru” (Molin.), and from early times its
root used medicinally : — observed by Molina.
Verbena erinoides of Chili. Prostrate and multicaul, called in Chilian “ sandia-laliuen ” (Molin.),
and from early times used medicinally: — termed “ lichnidea verbenæ tenuifolia” by Feuillée iii. pl.
25 (Molin.) ; described also by Ruiz and Pavon i. pl. 33. From transported specimens, termed
“ erinus laciniatus” by Linnæus.
Qiiinchamalium Chilense of Chili. A small Thesioid piant called in Chilian “ quinchamali ”
(Molin.), and from early times used medicinally:—observed by Frezier i. 135, and Molina; by
myself, frequent throughout the open country to the middle mountain-region of the Andes. “ Q.
procumbens ” of Ruiz and Pavon ii. pl. 107, probably not distinct, was observed by myself on the
basal portion of the Peruvian Andes.
H em iaria payco of Chili. Cailed in Chilian “ payco” (Molin.', and from early times used medicinally
: — observed by Frezier i. 205, and Molina.
Colliguaja? of Chili. Called in Chilian “ pichoa” (Molin.), and from early times used medicinally:
— termed “ tithymal. fob trinerv.” by Feuillée (Molin.).
Promus? catharticus of Chili. Called in Chilian “ guilno” (Molin.), and from early times used
medicinally : —termed “ gramen bromoides cathart.” by Feuillée, as seen at Lima (Pers.) ; but was
observed by Molina in Chili ; by myself, a Bromus-like grass with compressed spikelets in the environs
of Valparaiso.
* Lucmna obovata of Western Peru. A Sapotoid tree called in Peru “ lucuma ” (C. P.) ; in which
we recognize the luxurious “ lucma” fruit of a legend of the Yuncas of the Lurin valley — (Avila 125):
the “ leucoma” is described in a letter to Monardes 3; was observed in Peru by J. Acosta, Feuillée,
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 663
“ 987, July 3d” (Blair, and Nicob), Louis V. succeeded by Hugh Capet, head of the Capelian or
Third dynasty of French kings.
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), abdication of Quassan, who retired to the monastery
of Quamsi, adopted the costume of a bonze or priest, and took the name of Nigugakf. He was
succeeded by his cousin Itsi-dsio or Yets-sio, now sixty-sixth dairo of Japan : —and who patronized
literature, and attracted many learned men to his court.
988 A. D. (= 975 - f 13 years of twelve lunations) = “ 14th year of Aziz,” in an Arabic inscription
at the goldM\no% of Gebel Ellaka in the Ababdeh Desert (Wilk. theb. and eg. p. 416).
“ The same year ” (Nicol.), a synod at Llandaff. Arthmail king of Wales was “ condemned to do
penance for having slain his brother.”
About this time (= “ a little more than eight hundred years ” before 1804, tradit., and Colebrooke
as. res. viii. p. 467), Sancara or Sancar’acharya expounding the Vedas.
“ 990 A. D. = 1st year ofthe ‘ tchun-hoa’ of Tai-tsoung I I I . ” (Chinese chron. table). “ In the
time of Chun-hoa ” (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), the foreign agent at Canton receiving from the
Chinese “metals, silk, gold, etc.,” gave in return “ rhinoceros horns, elephants' ioeth, coral, pearls,
precious stones, crystal, foreign stuffs or cloth, paper, red-wood, drugs, etc.” At the capital, a tribunal
of revenues established.
“ In the Tenth century” (Storch, and Pouchet), the Russians had extended their commerce as far
South as Constantinople.
“ Towards the end of the century” (Talvi ii. i), Christianity introduced into Russia through the
influence of king Vladimir ; who also founded the first schools there.
“ 993 A. D.” (Nicob), a synod at Latran in Rome. Udalric bishop of Augsburg declared a saint:
the first act of canonization on record.
“ In this year (= 383 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), Noah or Noh, seventh Samani king, driven from
Bokhara across the Oxus by the Tartars under Bogra Khan ; whose sickness retreat and death enabled
Noah to recover his throne. , . , ■
“ 994 A. D.” (see Samuel Aniens., and his, editor), end of the chronicle of Stephanus Asolnichius
of Armenia.
“ 995 A. D. = ist year of the ‘ tch!-tao’ of Tai-tsoung I I I .” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XVI. succeeded by Joannes XV II., seventy-fifth
archbishop.
“ 996 A. D.” (Alst., and Nicol.), at Rome, Joannes XV II. succeeded by Gregorius V., seventy-
sixth archbishop.
and Ruiz and Pavon iii. pl. 239 ; its fruit by myself in market at Lima, solid in consistence, and so
rich-flavoured and sweet that a small quantity suffices ; the tree I was assured by Mr. Matthews is
“ native in ravines to the Northward.” Is probably one of the two species cultivated according to
Molina by the natives of Chili.
Prosopis dulcis of Peru. A Leguminous tree called “ pacai : ” its pods exhumed in the cemetery
at Pachacamac, — great quantities observed also in the market at Lima, and the tree in gardens : the
“ pacay ” was observed in Peru by J. Acosta, Feuillée ii. pl. 19, and is termed P. dulcis by Humboldt
and Bonpland. By European colonists, was carried to the Taheitian Islands, a single j’oung stock
observed by myself on Aimeo.
Gossypium Peruvianum of Western Peru. The art of weaving cotton cloth known in Peru as
early at least as this date : remnants of different degrees of fineness observed by myself m the ancient
cemetery at Pachacamac, togetlier with accompanying tufts of the wool, belonging to a free-seeded
species:—a Gossypium was observed by myself about half-way to the Andes, a single small tree
about fifteen feet high, its five-lobed leaves pubescent beneath. G. Peruvianum is described by
Cavanillesvi.pl. 168 (Pers).
Plumieria purpurea and P. incarnata of Lower Peru. Arborescent shrubs called ‘ suchi
(Markh.), from early times cultivated for their flowers and fragrance :— observed by Ruiz and
Pavon ii. pi, 137 and 138 in gardens in Peru; also by Markham p. xl. ^
Musa sapientum of Tropical America. The plantain called in Brazilian “ paco ’ (Ler. 206), m
Tamanaque “ paruru,” in Maypure “ arata” (Humb. ii. 397). Peru “ artou” and cultivated there in
the time of the Incas (Garcib de la Vega i. 282) ; leaves also found inthe huacas — (Stevenson. 1. 320,
and A. Dec.) ; and fruit offered to Pizarro on his arrival at Tumbez (early ms. quoted by Prescott) :
“ plantans” were seen by De Soto in 1538 on Cuba; and the “ plane” byj. Acosta in the neighbouring
countries as far as Peru : plantains have been observed by myself only in Peru, much longer and
of coarser substance than any varieties of the banana, but the plant producing them was not met
with.