OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
“ 1371 A. D. (= 4tb year houng-wou of Tai-tsou,” Remus, mei. iii. 89), a letter ancl tribute sent
to China by Hou-eul-na, king of Cambodia.
“ In this year” (Vincent’s ed. Haydn), David II. son of Robert Bruce succeeded by Robert II,,
of the Stuart family, and now king of Scotland.
Carduus nutans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ gaitharagkatho ”
(Sibth.), in Britain musk thistle or Scotch thistle, and usually regarded as the badge of Scotland in
the national arms (Prior) ; the “ thistle,” the badge of the Stewart clan — (Vincent’s ed. Haydn),
is first mentioned as the badge of Scotland in a poem by Dunbar in 1503 (Pinkert.) : C. nutans is
described by Tournefort inst. 440 ; and is known to grow in France and throughout middle Europe as
far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 675, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
in fallow ground in the Peloponnesus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it has been found by Porter in “ fields near Harrisburg, Penn.” (A. Gray).
Onopordum acanthium of Europe. Called in Germany “ eselsdistel,” in Italy “ scardiccione ”
(Lenz), in Britain on the Eastern Border Scotch thistle (G. Johnston, and Prior), and an allied species
in Greece “ gaitharagkatho” (Sibth.) : possibly therefore the “ thistle” in question: — O. acanthium
is described by Tragiis f. 324, and Dodoens 721 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ carduus tomentosus acanthi
folio vulgaris ” by Tournefort inst. 441 ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia (Steud.) ; and is known
to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (flor. Dan. pl. 909, and Pers.).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in waste gronnd in Greece, but extremely rare. By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues along roadsides and to all appearance
naturalized on the seashore of New England.
“ 1372 A. D.” (Blair), the English defeated in naval combat by the Spanish admiral Boccanegra.
“ The same year” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Kouo-gen II. succeeded by his kinsman Jensu II.
or Go-Jensu or Go-yen-yo, now one hundredth dairo of Japan.
“ 1373 -A. D.” (Pauth. 395), in China, edict of Tai-tsou IV., prohibiting women from becoming
“ kou-tseu” or bonzesses before the age of “ forty.”
“ In this year (= 6th year houng-wou of Tai-tsou,” Remus, mei. iii. 92), tribute sent to China
from Cambodia.
“ 1374 A. D.” (Humb. cosm. v.), the Catalonian map, containing the mountain lake of Issikul on
the Northern slope ofthe Thian-shan : —a lake lately for the first time visited by Russian travellers.
As early perhaps as this year, a fortified temple built by the Calmuk prince Abla't on the Upper
Irtich. —The ruins, situated South of the Russian frontier, were visited by Sokolof, who found among
them human figures with “ ten faces and seven arms” (Braminical), and remnants of Mongol and
Tangout writings on paper and birch bark.
Calamagrostis arundinacea of Northern Europe and Asia. A grass called in Sv/eden “ pip-hwen ”
(Linn.), and from early times woven by the Calmuks into mats for covering their dwellings — (Gmel.) :
termed “ gramen avenaceum montanum panicula augusta e dilutissimo fusco albicante etpapposa” by
Scheuchzer hist. 507 (Linn.) ; observed by Linnæus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Roth i. 33 in Germany
; and by Gmelin in Siberia.
* Rubus chamoemorus of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain knot-berry or cloud-berry {Vr\or),
and the “ doud-berry bush ” enumerated as the badge of the M’Farlane clan — (Vincent’s ed. Playdn)
may be compared: R. chamæmorus is described by Gerarde p. 136S ; is known to grow from the
mountains of Scotland, Bohemia, and Silesia, throughout Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland
(Lightf. pl. 13, Pers., Hook., and Wats.). Eastward, is known to grow on the Ural mountains
and throughout Siberia as far as Kamtchatka (Gmel., and Pall.). Farther East, on Unalascha and
from Bering’s Straits along the shore of the Arctic Sea, and Southward to Lat. 52° at Lake Winnipeg
(Hook., and Drumm.), Hudson Bay (Mx.), Newfoundland (Lapyl.), the Lower St. Lawrence (observed
by myself), the mountains of New England (Pursh, and A. Gray), and along the Atlantic ceasing at
about Lat. 44° (Josselyn).
Scirpus coespitosus oi Arctic climates. Called in Britain Æw-’j /trzzr (Prior) : the “ deer-grass ”
enumerated as the badge of the M’Kenzie clan— (Vincent’s ed. Haydn) may be compared : S. cæspi-
tosus is described by Linnæus ; and is known to grow on the Pyrenees, Alps of Switzerland, and mountains
of Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Pers., and Dec.). Eastward, is known
to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, in British America and Greenland (Wats.), also on
the alpine summits of the Adirondacks and mountains of Maine (A. Gray), and observed by myself on
the White mountains.
Lycopodium dendroides of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in \’,x\Va\nfir-moss (Prior), and the
“ fir-ciubmoss” enumerated as the badge of the M’Rae clan — (Vincent’s ed. Haydn) : L. dendroides
is described by Linnæus ; and is known to grow throughout Northern Europe.
Glycyrrhiza asperrima of the Uralian plains. Growing in the most arid parts of the Desert
towards the South, and from early times its leaves used by Calmuks as a substitute for tea — (Pall,
trav. i. 513 to 767).
Phlomis tuberosa of the Uralian plains. Called by the Calmuks “ bodmon sok ” (Pall.), and from
early times its root cooked and eaten by the Calmuks ; — observed by Buxbaum cent. i. pi. 6, and
Pallas i. 23s to 513 as far West as the Lower Volga. Probably by European colonists carried to
Northeast America, observed by Hadley and Dewey on the “ shore of Lake Ontario near Rochester”
(A. Gray).
Saxifraga crassifolia of the Altaian mountains. Called “ badan,” and from early times its leaves
used by the Mongols and Bouriates as a substitute for tea — (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat. ind. i. i. 228) ;
according to Pallas iii. 271, used especially for this purpose when commerce with China was interrupted
for some years, and called throughout Siberia “ Tschargirskoi-tchai ” from the source of commercial
supply: S, crassifolia was observed by Gmelin pl. 66, and Pallas, on the Altaian mountains.
Hedysarum fruticosum of the Mongolian plains. A clustered shrub from early times valued as
affording feed for horses:—observed by Gmelin iv. pi. 22 in Siberia; by Pallas iv. 367 lo 717, frequent
on sandy hills on the Upper Selenga and at Chailassutu in Daouria.
Caragana pygmea of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Selenga “ zolotarnik,” known
from early times, — observed by Pallas iv. 370.
Caragana spinosa of the Mongolian plains. A thorny bush called by the Mongols “ altaganah”
(Pall), and known from early_times : — observed by Laxman on the Upper Yenisei; by Pallas iv. 397
to 716, on the Selenga, said to abound around Pekin, and suitable for hedges.
Campanula lilifolia of the Mongolian plains. Called by the Saigak Tartars “ sondjaelass ” (Pall ),
and its root eaten from early times : —observed by Gmelin iii. pl. 26 in Tartary and Siberia ; by Pallas
iv. 502, on the Upper Yenisei.
Cirsium serratuloides of Siberia. Called in Greece “ agriozohos ” (Forsk.), by the Saigak Tartars
“ epschoek” (Pall.), and its root eaten from early times : —observed by Gmelin ii, pl. 22 and 23 in
Siberia; by Pallas iv. pi. 502, on the Upper Yenisei. Westward, is termed “ cirsium angustifolium
non laciniatum ” by Tournefort inst. 447; was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, near Belgrad in the
environs of Constantinople ; and is known to occur as far as Switzerland and Montpellier (Jacq. austr.
pl. 127, and Pers.).
Polentilla rupestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called by the Mongols and Bouriates “ khal-
talsa,” and from early times used as a substitute for tea— (Klapr., and Ainsl. mat. ind. i. i. 22S) ;
also in Siberia, where it is called “ polevoi'-tchai” prairie tea, and was observed by Pallas iii. 395.
Westward, is termed “ quinquefolium fragiferum” by C. Bauhin pin, 326, “ fragaria rupestris” by
Scopoli, and is known to grow as far as France and Britain (Jacq. auslr. pl. 114, Lam. fl. fr., and
Smith fl. brit.).
Artemisia tanacetifolia of the Uralian plains. Called by the Katschintzi Tartars “ irven,” and
from early times employed in perfuming and consecrating annually a black stallion to “ Tous ” or the
Evil one, — observecl by Pallas iii. 433 on barren mountains on the Upper Obi ; by Allioni pl. 10, and
Villars iii. 248, as far West as the mountains of Piedmont and Dauphiny (Pers.).
Leonnrus lanatus of the Mongolian plains. Called on the Upper Yenisei “ gremiiasscha” (Pall.),
and used medicinally from early times : —observed by Gmelin iii. pl. 54 in Siberia; by Pallas iii. 441,
near Abakansk on the Upper Yenisei.
Caragana arborescens of the Mongolian plains. A bush called by the Mongols “ altaganah,” and
known from early times,—^febserved by Pallas iv. 145 frequent on the Selenga.
Stipa capillata of the Mongolian and Uralian plains. A grass called by the Mongols “ chilgona,”
and from early times valued as feed for cattle, — observed by Pallas iv. 144 in a plain bearing its name
on the Selenga. Westward, by Sibthorp around Constantinople, and is known to occur as far as
Germany and France (Sdieuchz, gram. pl. 3, and Lara. fl. fr.).
Iris dichotoma of Daouria. Called by the Mongols “ chai'tschi,” and its root used from early
times against toothache, — observed by Messerschmid (Amm. 103 n. 135), and Pallas iv. 333 to 6S5. in
Daouria.
Rhamnus erythroxylum of East Siberia. Called by the Mongols “ iaschihl,” and from earlv times
its wood used for niches for their divinities, — observed by Pall.ts iv. 367 on the Selenga.
Lilium pomponium of Eastern Asia, Called by the Saigak Tartars “ akschep,” and the month
of June “ aktschep-ai ” by the Beltlres from being the season when the root is chiefly collected for
food, — observed by Pallas iii. 431 and iv. 274 to 501 from the Upper Yenisei to Daouria : by Cleyer
11. 9. 76. f. 20, in China or Japan (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Clusius (Spreng.), Miller pl.
65, and Knorr del. i. pl. 4.
“ ‘ 375 A. D.” (Nicol.), the Turkish sultan Murad menacing Italy; a synod at Winuwski, To
extend aid to the pope.