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qmst, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of E g y p t ; and by Forskal, wild everywhere along the base
of the mounlains of Yemen. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
IS occasionally seen in gardens. .
2102 B. C. = “ 6th year of Sesurtesen I I I . ; ” found on the monuments (C. Mull, fr Man
p. 562). ' •
Si.vty-sixth generation. Jan. ist, 2100, mostly beyond youth :
The same year = “ Sth year of Sesurtesen I I I ,,” in a tablet at Samneh in Upper Nubia (Birch)
Ethiopia being now for the first time conquered by an Egyptian army (Leps. eg. and sin. 245). A
rtatue of the king has been found near by on “ Bigeh,” and foundations of a gigantic fortress were
buil0in the narrow pass, — afterwards converted into a nilometer (Leps. and Buns.).
~°ri B- C. = 23d year of the usurpation of Han-tsou, and 22d of the detention of Chao-kano-”
(Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Tenth cycle. “
2094 B. C. = “ 14th year of Sesurtesen I I I .,” in the quarries of basalt at Hamamat — (Birch).
2093 B. C. = Sixth manwantara ” among the Hindus (Graha Munjari tables, and Bentley as
res. vni. 244), Pururava son of Budha, son of Soma, son of Atri, may have been at this time reio-nino-*
_ Bavibusa arundinacea of Tropical Eastern Asia. The bamboo is called in Bengalee “ bansh ”
m Telinga “ veduru,” in Tamil “ mungil,” in Malabar “ kull-moollah ” (Drur,), and the people of H il-
dustan at finst lived on the “ kalamos ” f - (Aelian, and Ruel i. 115); the “ kalamos inthikos ” is
mention« by Herodotus . . . . , and Theophrastus iv. 11. 13, and was seen in Hindustan by Megasthenes
(Strab. xvii. 3. s) : boundaries according to the Institutes of Manu viii. 247 should be marked
by plantog bamboos (transl. Deslongch.) ; B. arundinacea was observed bv Graham in the environs
ot Bombay, but by myself only under cultivation; by Rheede i. pl. 16, in Malabar; by Buchanan,
Roidmrgh cor. 1. pl. 79, and Drury, wild in the interior forests of the peninsula, the seeds gathered
tor food, the young shoots eaten like asparagus, and the leaves and old stems employed for a great
variety of purposes. Farther East, by Mason v. 525 in Burmah, some varieties indigenous, “ houses
with a l their furniture ” made of them, fire procured “ by rubbing two b it s ” together, “ bellows to
blow the fire ” also furnished, the joints supplying the place of “ cup, spoon, and water-bucket,” the
leaves used “ for plates and dishes and thatch,” the “ young sh oo ts” eaten as vegetables together
7 7 . ‘ 'j® “ m times of s c a r c ity ;” was observed by myself planted along road-sides on the
Philippines. Westward, 13 enumerated by Clot-Bey as recently and successfully introduced into
E g y 0 .
“ 2079 B. C.” (Pauth. p. 61), in China, Han-tsou dethroned by the lawful emperor Chao-kang.
Tanaus king of Scythia, before the time of Ninus — (according to Justin, Bonom. Nin. iii • see
Targitaus).
Sesurtesen III. building of dobi or sun-dried brick the small pyramid at Dashur! An inscription
(interpreted to Herodotus) claimed superior value over the stone pyramids around, and if an
herbarium « selected plants chopped and mixed in mud, its superiority will be vindicated. A sinrie
brick examined by Unger has at least led to important results : “
Raphanislrum arveuse of the Mediterranean countries. Tho jointed charlock is called in Greece
“ raphanitha” (Sibth.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger (acad. vienn.,
and journ. sc. lond.); the plant at the present day seems unknown in Egypt. Farther North’
“ raphanithas liptas ” are commended as purgative by Diodes of Carystus in a letter to king Antio--
onus (Fabr. xii. p. 588) ; and R. arvense was observed by Sibthorp not rare in the grain-fields of
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* Rrosopis spicigera of Tropical Hindustan. A large tree called in Tamil “ parumbay,” in
Bengalee “ shumee,” in Telinga “ chamee ” (Drur ), on the Northern Circars “ t.shamie” (R o lb .) ;
and the “ sami ” by rubbing which king Pururavas brought out concealed fire — (Kalidas. radi iii’
9), mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 46 to kalp. 7, is referred here by Colebrooke as. res, viii 30Z •
the “ arani” by friction of two pieces yielding the “ sacred fire ” (Sanhita of the Sama Veda iii. 6 to
X I . 10, Stev. prasf. iv to vii), mentioned also by Susrutas sutr. 36, is according to Wilford a cubic
block of “ sami ; ” and W. Jones as. res. iv. 307 found “ sami ” wood “ extremely hard, used by the
Brahmens to kindle their sacred fire by rubbing two pieces of it to g e tlie r ;” P. spicigera was ob-
served by Law “ common in Guzerat” (Graham); by flor. ind. pl. 25, Koenig, Roxbui0 h cor. i. pl.
63, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan from Delhi to Madras and Coromandel, its timber
close-grained, hard, and durable, stronger than teak, and its pods full of a mealy sweetish substance
eaten by the natives.
t Bambusa {Dendrocalamus) iulda of Eastern Plindustan. Tlie Bengal bamboo, called in
Bengalee “ tulda bams,” in Hindustanee “ peka b an s ” (Drur.), and doubtless included in ’the “ kalamos
” in question D. tuldawas observed by Roxburgh ii. 193 abounding in Eastern Hindustan
being the common bamboo of Bengal, “ much used for house-building,” and its tender young shoots’
“ eaten as pickles by the natives.”
Greece. Westward, is described by Columna ecph. i. pl. 263 as eaten in Southern Italy (Spreng.) ;
is termed “ raphanistrum siliqua articulata glabra majore et minore” by Tournefort inst. 230; was
observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to occur in cultivated ground in Sicily, Sardinia, and
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 678, Guss., and Moris) ; and in somewhat
wilder situations in Dalmatia, Spain, and Portugal (Brot, Boiss., and A. Dec.). By European colonists
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields, and is called as
heard by myself charlock.
Pisnm arvense of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. The f eld pea is called in
France “ pois de pigeon” or “ bisaille ” (Pers.), in Greece “ p is ë li” (mod. Lex.), in Egypt “ be s illeh”
(Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the plant was observed by Delile
under cultivation even in Upper Egypt, and the seeds given to cattle. Farther North, the green
“ phasélôs,” known to Athenaeus in Egypt, constituted the supper of the Spartan warriors (Polemon,
and Athen. ii. 46) ; the “ phasëlôs ” is also mentioned by Aristophanes pac. 1 144, and Demetrius :
unless in the above modern name, I am not aware of evidence of the existence of P. arvense in
Greece (see P. elatius), but the plant is known to grow wild along the Black Sea (Ledeb.), was observed
by Royle ill. p. 190 along the Himalayas as far as the head waters of the Jumna, under cultivation
also, and according to Piddington having a Hindustanee name (A. Dec.). ' Westward from
Greece, the “ faselum ” is termed “ v ilem ” by Virgil geor. i. 227, and as cultivated in Italy is also
mentioned by Columella x. 377 ; P. arvense is described by Lobel ii. pl. 66, and Tournefort inst. 394 ;
continues to be cultivated in France (Pers., and Del. cult, eg.) ; and is known to grow wild in Southern
Spain (Boiss., and A. Dec.).
Vicia sativa of the Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian countries. Called in Trlvdn f t c h or vetch
(Prior), in Germany “ futterwicke ” (Grieb), in France “ v e s c e ” (Nugent), in Italy “ veccia ” (Lenz),
in Greece “ v ik o s ” (Fraas) or “ zëa ” (Zalikogl.), in Egypt “ faurum ” Greek bean (Forsk.) or
“ dehoreg” (Del.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the living plant was
observed by Forskal, and Delile, around Cairo and Rosetta. Farther North, the “ kuamos ” is mentioned
by Pherecrates, Aristophanes, Xenophon, Anaxandrides, Heniochus, and Demosthenes ; the
“ kuamos ëllënikos ” by Dioscorides, and the Attic “ kuamos ” and “ arakon” are identified by Galen
alim. i. 36 with the “ vikion ” or “ vikithion : ” V. sativa was ascertained by Fraas to have been
formerly cultivated in Greece ; was observed by him, and Chaubard, in wild situations in the Peloponnesus,
but by Sibthorp, a weed in cultivated ground; is known to grow also in wild situations to
the South of Caucasus (C. A . Meyer). Westward, the earliest inhabitants of Latium lived not on
bread but “ puls ” or pottage, and sacred rites “ pulte fritilla ” continued to be celebrated in the days
of Pliny xviii. 19 to 46 ; the “ offam” is mentioned by Ennius; the “ v ic ia ” by Cato, Varrò, Ovid,
cultivated as appears from Pliny xviii. 67 partly for fodder, and the “ viciarium” by Columella: V.
sativa is termed “ v. sativa vulgaris” by Tournefort inst. 396; is known to grow in wild situations in
Italy, Algeria, and Spain (Boiss, Munby, and Lenz), but throughout middle Europe occurs chiefly
as a weed in grain-fields (fl. Dan. pl. 552, Thuill., and Pers.). Eastward from the Ca.spian, has various
names in Hindustan, none of them Sanscrit (Pidd., and A. Dec.); and was observed by Thun-
bero- at Nagasaki and elsewhere in Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America,
where it continues a weed in grain-fields in our Northern States, observed by myself as far as Lat.
48° on the Lower St. Lawrence ; was also carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has in like manner
become a weed in cultivated ground (Boj.).
Euphorbia helioscopia of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain sun-spnrge (Prior), in
Italy “ erba ro gn a ” or “ erba calenzola” or “ titímalo elioscopio” (Lenz), in Greece “ galatzitha” or
“ galahorton ” (Sibth.), and imbedded fragments in the brick — identified by Unger : the living plant
was observed by Delile in Upper Egypt and also around Cairo. Farther North, the “ tithumalos
ëliôskôpiôs ” is described by Dioscorides as growing in waste ground and around villages, its root
giving out four or five red branching stems full of wliite juice and a span high, leaves like those of
'«antiirahne ” but rounder, fruit as though on leaves in an “ anêthôëithës ” capitulnm that follows the
sun and hence the name; is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Paulus Aegineta: E. helioscopia
was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece in the situations
alleged by Dioscorides ; but appears to grow in wilder places South of Caucasus (A . Dec.). Westward,
the account by Pliny xxvi. 42 of the fourth “ herbam lactariam,” termed “ helioscopion ” and
having the leaves of “ porcilacae,” seems in part taken from Dioscorides : E. helioscopia is described
by Fuchsius 8 1 1; is termed “ tithymalus helioscopius ” by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed by
Lenz frequent in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to occur in waste and cultivated
ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 725, and Pers.). Eastward from
the Caspian, was observed by Thunberg along roadsides in Japan and called “ susa fri ” or kansui.”
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it seems naturalized in our Northern
States and as far as Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence, though chiefly confined to the vicinity
of tide-water and waste ground farther inland. ,
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