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“ 221 A. D. = ‘ tcliang-wou,’ ist year of Tchao-Iie-ti, of the Heou h an ” or Eighth dynasty —
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Chnt.), end of the chronicle of Julius Africanus. Through whose care and
intercession — (Euseb.) Emmaus in the following year was rebuilt under the new name of Nicopolis.
“ 222, March i ith ” (Dio, and Clint.), Elagabalus succeeded by Alexander Severus, twenty-fourth
Roman emperor. The name of Alexander Severus occurs in a Greek inscription at Antinoe in
Egypt.
“ The same year” (Euseb., and Clint.), end of the chronicle of Hippolytus ; and beginning of
“ his Paschal Cycle of sixteen years.”
At this time (Blair), annual tribute received by the Goths, not to invade the Roman Empire.
“ 223 A. D. = ‘kian-king,’ ist year of Pleou-tchou” or Heou-ti, of the Heou han or Eighth
dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Lamprid, and Clint.), the jurists Ulpianus and Florentinus among the counsellors
of Alexander Severus.
“ 226 A. D .” (Hieronym., and Clint.), at Rome, building of the “ baths of Alexander Severus.”
“ The same year” (Clint., and Plate in Sm. b. d.), the Parthian king Artabanus defeated in the
plain of Hormuz by Artaxerxes or Ardishir; who thus became the head of a new dynasty, the
Sasanidæ. Greek inscriptions now disappear from the Persian coins, and are replaced by a different
alphabet.
The capture of Jericho by Artaxerxes or Ardishir is the latest historical event mentioned by Solinus
35: — supposed to be the senator Julius Solinus or Solonis, who was put to death by Alexander
Severus (J. Masson, H. Valesius, and J. A. Fabric, edit. Ernest).
According to Solinus 22, “ Finis erat orbis ora Gallici litoris, nisi Britannia insula non qualibet
amplitudine nomen paene orbis alterius mereretur ” the seashore of France would be the end of the
world but for the isle of Britain, expanding so widely in all directions as almost to deserve the name
of another world; among other islands around, “ Siluram” (Scilly Islands, or Isle of Man) inhabited
by people who “ custodiunt morem vetustum, nummum réfutant, dant res et accipiunt, mutationibus
necessaria potius quam pretiis parant ” retain their ancient customs, disapprove of money, give articles
and receive, procure what is needful by exchanges rather than by a fixed price. The strait between
Britain and another large island Hibernia navigated in boats of wicker-work covered with ox-hide, and
during the voyage no food is eaten.
In Hibernia “ nullus anguis, avis rara, gens inhóspita et bellicosa” there are no snakes, birds are
rare, and the people inhospitable and warlike : “ sanguine interemtorum hausto prius victores vultus
suos oblinunt ” smearing their faces with and drinking the blood of slain enemies : “ fas et nefas eodem
loco d u cu n f’ tbey make no distinction between right and wrong: when a male child is born, the
mother offers vows, hoping that it may be killed in battle : “ qui student cultui dentibus m'ari nantium
belluarum insigniunt ensium capulos, candicant enim ad eburnam claritatem, nam præcipua viris
gloria est in armorum nitela” tliose who affect gentility ornament the hilt of their swords with the
teeth of great sea-beasts (Physeter or sperm-whale), shining like ivory, for the principal glory of the
man is in the brightness of his armour.
Among the productions of Britain, Solinus enumerates great abundance of various metals,
“ gagates” agates abundant and of the best quality, and “ nigro gemmeus ”
“ About this tim e” (C lint.), return of Origen from Antioch to Alexandria, where he commenced
his “ hexapla” of the Scriptures.
“ 227 A. D .” (Chinese chron. table), Wen-ti king of Wei succeeded by Ming-ti ; who named the
years of his reign “ tai-hao.”
“ The same year” (Hieronym., and Clint.), Beryllus bishop of Bostra in Arabia, and Geminianus
a presbyter of Antioch, prominent as Christian writers.
“ 228 A. D .” (Euseb., and C lint), Urbanus after “ eight years ’’ service succeeded by Pontianus,
sixteenth bishop of Rome. In this year also, Philetus succeeded by Zebinus, “ eleventh” bishop of
Antioch.
“ 230 A. D .” (A lst. p. 367), the growing pretensions and arrogance of the bishops of Rome,
denounced by Tertullianus de pudicit.
“ 231 A. D .” (C lint.), removal of Origen from Alexandria to Caesarea in Palestine ; on invitation
of Firmilianus bishop of Cappadoda.
232 A. D. ( = 210 -f- “ 22 years reign” in the Mahavamsa xxxvi). Tissa succeeded by his brother
Abha-tissa, now king of Ceylon.
“ 233 A. D .” (Euseb., and Clint.), Demetrius succeeded by Heraclas, “ tw elfth” bishop of Alexandria.
“ In or about this year” (Percev. i. 230), commencement of the Coraysh tribe of Arabs, Fihr-
Coraysh, eleventh progenitor of Mohammed, having numerous children. — One of his sons, Ghalib,
married a daughter of Cab, son of Amr the Khozaite.
Hardly later than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Benth), Devaban reigning in
Hindustan.
The Saddharma pundarika, lotos of the law of good men, wwitten as early perhaps as this date.
Siva is mentioned, and king Virudhaka — (Burn. ii. 240 and 258). It was first translated into Chinese
“ in 280 A,. D. : ” a second translation was made between “ 397 and 40z,” and a third between “ 601
and 605” (Stan-Jul., and Burn. i. 9).
Jasminum [Mogorium) sambac of Tropical Hindustan. The Arabian jasm ine is called in Egypt
“ fell” (D el.), in Yemen “ full” or “ fy ll” (Forsk.), in Sanscrit “ m alli” or “ mallica” (W. Jones), in
Bengalee “ but-moogra” or the double variety “ bela,” in Tamil “ kody-mulli,” in Telinga “ boondoo-
malhe” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ bhutt mogra” (Graham), in Burmah “ ma-lee” or
“ sa-bay” (Mason), in Malay “ kambang malatti ” malatti flower (Thunb.), in Bisaya “ manul” or
“ capopot bisaya,” in Pampango “ campopot ” or “ culatai ” or “ sampagang pongso,” in Tagalo “ sam-
paga” (Blanco) ; in which we recognize the “ mallika” of the Saddharma pundarika* — (Burn. ii. 218
to 415), forming bowers according to Vaimiki ram. i. 25, cultivated in gardens according to the Mrich-
chhakati iv., having fragrant flowers and growing in the woods according to Kalidasa rhag. xvi. 47,
and prescribed medicinally by Susrutas (H essl.) : M. sambac is described by Rumphius v. pl. 30;
was observed by Rheede vi. pl. 50 to 55 in Malabar, its flowers sacred to Vishnu; by Graham, “ common
in every garden” around Bombay; by Drury, “ common in every forest in the peninsula” and
“ generally cultivated in gardens,” its leaves root and flowers employed medicinally; by Burmann pl.
58, on Ceylon ; by W. Jones as. res. iv. 245. “ wild in the forests ” of B engal; by Mason, '“ exotic ” in
Burmah ; by Loureiro, in Anam; by Blanco, known to all the natives of the Philippines; by Thunberg,
in the Malayan archipelago, and from the warmer portion of India introduced into the gardens
of Southern Japan. Westward, the “ fu ll” is mentioned by Ishak ben Amran, Rhazes, Avicenna,
Serapion, and as an Indian medicine by Ebn Baitar: M. sambac was observed by Forskal under cultivation
in Yemen ; by him, and Delile, in the gardens of E gypt; is described by Parkinson pl. . . ,
and from having been brought from Goa to Pisa is sometimes called Tuscan jasmtne (Graham). By
European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses.
One hundred and thirty-sixth generation. May 1st, 234, onward mostly beyond youth : Scythia-
nus ; the Greek historians, Asinius Ouadratus, and Callinicus ; the grammarian Lupercus of Berytus;
the rhetors, Nicagoras, Minucianiis, Paulus, . . . . Andromachus of Syria, Diophanes, and Phiiostratus
the younger; the Christian Greek writers, Tryphon, and Gregorius Thaumaturgus: the Latin
writer Censorinus ; the Christian Latin writer Pontius.
“ 235, Feb. loth ” (Clint.). Alexander Severus succeeded by Maxiijiinus, twenty-fifth Roman
emperor. The name of Maximinus occurs on coins issued in Egypt.
“ 236 A. D .” (lib. pontif. Damas., and Clint.), after serving “ one month and ten days,” Anteros
succeeded by Fabianus, eighteenth bishop of Rome.
“ 237 A. D ., probably in or about” (Sm. b. d.), Phiiostratus writing his Lives of the sophists.—
The work however is continued until the reign of Philippus A. D. 244—9.
Sedum eriocarpum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ amarantö ” (Sibth.), and
the A M A P A N T O C of Phiiostratus — may be compired: S eriocarpum was observed bySibthorp
pl. 449, and Bory, in arid situations in the Peloponnesus. “ S. pallidum ” received from the Tauro-
Caspian countries by Pallas, and Bieberstein (Steud.), is regarded by Bory as not distinct; “ Cras-
sula rubens,” observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, by Magnol pl. 237 at Montpellier, and
known to grow as far as Germany (Hoffm. fl. Germ, and Pers.), is also considered identical by
Bory.S
edum confertum oi middle A sia? — Called in Egypt “ hay a’lem ” (D el.); and possibly the
“ amaranton ” recommended in Geopon. iii. 6 to be placed in gardens : S. confertum was observed by
Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, and is not known to occur elsewhere.
* Jasminum revolutuni of Subtropical Hindustan. From early times, an essential oil distilled
from it and used as a perfume, and its root employed medicinally in ringworm : the fragrant oil of the
“ navamalika” or “ vanamalika” mentioned in the Saddharma pundarika — (Burn. ii. 250 to 424) may
be compared : J. revolutum was observed by Powell in the Punjaub (Drur.). Transported to Europe,
is described by Sims (S teu d ).
P/trvniunt capitatum of Tropical Ea.stern Asia. A Scitamineous plant called in the environs of
Bombay “ kudali ” (Graham) ; and the “ kaclali ” having an unsubstantial stem according to the Saddharma
pundarika — (Burn. ii. 241 and 420), may be compared: P. capitatum was observed by
Rheede xi. pl. 34 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs of Bombay. Farther East, by Loureiro in
moist shady places In Anam and Tropical China, its leaves wrapped around articles of food previous
to boiling to impart colour and grateful flavour (Pers., and Graham).
68
lit.*
I