"Y f l Y
it«;
71 v'i :
:1-i. > 1 .>0.* i
Y
71V. 7.'.
'UN
+ + ite
W M 7 " '7
■7 / -V '+ 7 ./Ù :]
l i S . -Hri % i 4 ‘iOmTÏ., ..t a. : ,». .0.
. S'-'f
07 Y
4
Y Y
.^-■ ’I 4 V t J *i îi ^
iî ‘ ; ! 7 il
T :
•I m
':.nfe '/■À
'YJîi
sY
•f ,• . -1‘>
Eastward, was observed by Forskal,’ Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground in Greece, the
Greek islands, and around Constantinople and Smyrna ; and by Hasselquist, Forskal, and Delile, in
Lower Egypt. Farther East, was observed by myself in the Malayan archipelago ; by Polynesian
colonists, carried to New Zealand, and if not indigenous to Tongatabu, the Samoan, Taheitian, and
Hawaiian groups, but seemed absent from the Feejeean. By European colonists, was carried to
Madeira to St. Helena, ascertained by myself; and to Northeast America, where it has
become an abundant weed, observed even in Arkansas by Nuttall. “ D. humifusa,” by many writers
regarded as a distinct species, was observed around Paris by Richard (Pers.) ; in Sweden by Fries
p. 80; in Southern Russia by Bieberstein (Steud.) ; in Japan by Thunberg, but no native name is
given ; in Northeast America, has been observed by myself in waste and cultivated ground and in the
sand of the seashore, ancl is described by A. Gray as “ in some places appearing as if indigenous, but
probably an introduced plant.”
A spidium obovatum of the Mediterranean countries. The heR bSxlT l R3c6 lO L u m b y others
called F € Le C I n 2c m, resembling F e L I C I according to Apuleius Barbarus 84 and having two rows
of gold dots on each leaf, — may be compared : A. obovatum is describtfd by Viviani, as observed by
him in Lybia or Cyrene ; was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus; and was received by him from
Calabria, Corsica, and the Hieres Isles.
“ 419 A. D. = ‘youan-hi,’ ist year of Koung-tl, of the Tcin.” Which dynasty was replaced in
this year by the Soung, the seat of government remaining at N an-king— (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Socrat. and Clint.), a schism among the Arians of “ thirty-five” or perhaps
“ twenty-five ” years standing, brought to a close.
“ The same year” (A lst., compare Nicol.), Zosimus succeeded by Bonlfacius, fortieth bishop of
Rome.
“ 420 A. D. = ‘young-tsou,’ ist year of Wou-ti III.” or Lieou-yu, head of the new dynasty of the
Northern Soung— (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth.).
“ The same year” (Agath., and Clint), Yfesdejerd succeeded by Vararam V., thirteenth Sasanid
king of Persia. The persecution against Christians was continued by Vararam V.
“ The same year” (Blair), beginning, on the Lower Rhine under Pharamond, of the kingdom of
the French.
“ 423 A. D. = ‘ king-ping,’ 1st year of Ying-yagg-wang” or Chao-ti, of the Northern Soung or
Tenth dynasty— (Chinese chron. table, and Pauth. p. 274).
“ The same year ” (Cedren., and Clint), death of Honorius ; leaving Theodosius II. sole emperor.
Joannes notwithstanding established himself at Rome over the West.
“ 424 A. D . = ‘youan-kia,’ ist year of Wen-ti II.,” of the Northern Soung or Tenth dynasty
(Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Fifty-second cycle.
“ 425 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), Joannes slain ; and Valentinian III. established over the Western
Empire through Theodosius II. Incursions of the Vandali in Mauritania.
The T a U P eA £ ‘l>aC of Abyssinia mentioned by Philostorgius iii. II p. 482, — and Nicephorus ix.
19, and described by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334 as wild and untameable unlike the Indian
species, the accompanying figure also corresponding, is clearly the African buffalo, Bos Caffer.
“ The same year ” (Sm. b d ), end of the Ecclesiastical history of Philostorgius.
“ The same year” (cod. Theodos., and Clint), efforts of Theodosius II. to restore learning: his
edict at Constantinople making honorable mention of the Greek grammarians Helladius and Syrianus,
the Latin grammarian Theofilus, the rhetors Martinus and Maximus, and the jurist Leontius.
“ 426 A. D .” (Blair), Britain abandoned by the Romans.
“ 428 A. D .” (Pauth. 274), embassy from Hindustan, from the “ king of Kapila,” bringing to
Wen-ti II. “ diamonds, precious rings, bracelets, and other ornaments of chased gold, and two parrots,
one red and the other white.” (The event is placed in 408 by Elphinstone iii. 3, who further remarks,
that Capili is “ the birthplace and capital of Budha, which the Chinese have put for ail Magada,” and
that the Hindu king “ Yue-gnai” is perhaps Yajna).
The “ red ” parrot was doubtless a lo ryj brought originally from the extreme Southeastern
portion of the Malayan archipelago, or from the neighboring Australian coast.
The “ w hite” parrot was of course a cockatoo; derived originally from the same quarter:* —
* Doryanthcs excelsa of Southern Australia. A liliaceous plant twenty-four feet high, the stem
roasted and eaten by the Australians — (geogr. plant, lond, tract soc.). Transported to Europe is
described by Correa (Steud.).
Xanthorrhcea hastilis of Southern Australia. The tender inner leaves esculent, and far from disagreeable,
having a milky taste with a slight balsamic flavour—^(lond. tract soc.) : oAXeA grais-trce by
the colonists ; and observed by myself in Australia, the trunk two to five feet high, crowned with a
tuft of grass-like leaves from which the true stem arises.
“ bianchi pappagalli ” are mentioned by Vaimiki ramayan. vi. 11 (transl. Gorres.) ; cockatoos, “ papa-
gaus tous blance come nois et ont les pies et le bec vermoil,” were seen in Hindustan by Marco
Polo 180.
“ The same year” (Prosp., and Clint.), the Franci or the French along the Rhine, defeated by the
Roman general Aetius ; sent by Valentinian III.
“ 429 A. D .” (Prosp., and Clint.), the churches of Britain recalled from the Pelagian opinions of
A»ricola, by Germanus ; sent there for this purpose by Celestinus, forty-first bishop of Rome.
Hardly earlier than this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentl.) Vichitrasena reigning
in Hindustan.
“ 430 A. D.” (Socrat., and Clint.), death of Barbas, Arian bishop of Constantinople. About this
time, the Burgundians receiving Christianity.
“ To this year” (Steinschneid. i. 5), in Palestine, Hillel being Jewish patriarch, the new moons
“ determined by testim ony” (officially witnessed and announced). — A practice continuing among the
Muslims at the present day.
“ 431 A. D .” (Idat., Prosp., and Clint.), on account of the depredations of the Suevi, the mission
of Idatius to Aetius in Gaul. Palladius ordained, and sent by Celestinus as first bishop of the Scots.
“ The same year” (Clint.), Third general ecclesiastical Council. Convened at Ephesus; “ two
hundred ” bishops being present, and Cyrillus of Alexandria presiding. Nestoriiis bishop of Constantinople
was deposed, and his opinions condemned. — The authority of this council continues to be
recognized by the Greek church (E. A. Soph.).
Hardly later than this year ( = 410 - f “ 21 yrs.,” Kitt. cycl. bibl ), Moses of Chorene employed on
the Armenian Version of the Bible.
Scleranthus annuus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain knawel
(Prior), in Sweden “ tandgras ” (Linn,); and the worm dyeing red, found according to Moses of
Chorene about the root of a grass that grows on Ararat, — is referred by Sprengel to Coccus
radicis, occurring within certain geographical limits on S. annuus : a plant mentioned by Lobel adv.
183 (Spreng.), termed “ knafwel” by Dodoens pempt. 115, “ polygonum minus alterum” by Tabernæmontanus
1217, “ vermiculata nova planta” by Columna ecphr i. pl 294, “ k. folio et flore viridl ” by
Ruppius 85, and known to occur from Sweden and Russia throughout middle Europe (C. Bauh.,
Tourn., fl. dan. pi. 504, engl. bot. pl. 351, and Wats.): was observed by Linnæus in Sweden, everywhere
in cultivated and fallow ground, the vapour of its decoction among the Swedes and Germans
drawn into the mouth to cure toothache ; was observe:! by Persoon in France, in cultivated and especially
calcareous soil ; by Sibtliorp, on the Bithynian Olympus ; by Bieberstein, in fallow ground about
Caucasus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; clearly by European colonists was carried to Northeast
America, where it seems naturalized in sunny situations and on rocks, observed by myself from
the environs of Salem to Philadelphia; by A. Gray, in “ sandy waste places” in the State of New
York.N
onnus of Panopolis in Egypt may have been at this time writing. — He is mentioned among
recent poets and is quoted by Agathias (Sm. b. d.).
Dipterocarpus lævis of Burmah. The À E N À pO N a e h N h C distilling oil from the ends of its
branches in the forest beyond the Hydaspes, according to Nonnus dion. xxii. 27, — seems to. imply
knowledge of the oil tree. D. lævis is described by Buchanan ; and according to Mason v. p. 493 and
516, is “ one of the most widely diffused trees ” in the forests of Burmah, yielding a gum “ used by the
natives to make torches,” also oil in large quantities similarly employed and emitting “ a brilliant and
durable light,” the timber besides much used ; the exported product is one of the wood oils of commerce,
“ used for house varnish,” and as “ a good substitute for fish oil in currying leather,” dissolves
caoutchouc, but is properly a balsam identical in chemical composition with copaiva.
About this time, “ 422 to 451 A D .” (tab. hist, de I’Asie, and Pauth. 283), the art of making coloured
glass brought into China by a merchant from Youe tchi or Scythia. Previously, specimens had
been imported “ from the W est,” and sold at high prices.
433 A. D. (= 4 1 1 “ 22 yrs reign” of the Mahavams. xxxvii.), Maha-nawma succeeded by his
son Sangot, and soon afterwards by Samatissa, now king of Ceylon. — He reigned “ one year.”
One hundred and forty-second generation. May ist, 434, onward mostly beyond youth : the
Syriac ecclesiastical writer Isaac of Antioch : the Armenian writer Moses of Chorene : the Greek
poets, Ammonius, and Cyrus of Panopolis; the philosopher H ierocles; the medical writer Jacobus;
the grammarian Hyperechius ; the rhetors, Lachares, and Nicolaus; the Greek ecclesiastical writers,
Paulus the Novatian, the three ecclesiastical historians Socrates and Sozomenus and Theodoretus ;
Eutlialius, and Thalassius : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Possidius, Eucherius, Vincentius Liri-
nensis, Philippus presbyter, and Musaeus of Massilia.
“ The same year” (Marcellin., and Clint.), Honoria excluded from the palace by her brother
Valentinian III. ; and her message, inviting Attila king of the Huns into Italy.
i
tr
i i ’ ’