648 CH RO NOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Javan character on a stone discovered near the site of Jang’gala. The founding of Jang’gala on the
accession of king Dewa Kasuma son of Kandiawan, is assigned (by Adi Mang’gala) to “ about 846
an. jav.” — The country around the site in the division of Surabaya “ is strewed with antiquities.”
“ 923 A. D. = ‘ thoung-kouang,’ 1st year of Tchouang-tsoung, of the later T h ang” (Chinese
chron. table) : the new name arising from the desire of this emperor to continue the Thang dynasty
(Pauth.).
“ The same year” (Blair), in France,yftytf or manor-jurisdictions begin to be established.
“ The same year ” (Cockayne note to Leechb. i. 40), date of the treatise by Rhazes on the
sm all pox.
Cleome pentaphylla of Equatorial Africa. Called in Nubia “ arareg ” (Del.), in Dongola “ lama-
lak ” (Cailliaud), in which we recognize the “ tuniluk ” or “ kunnabari ” of Rhazes, — and Avicenna,
descnbed by Ebn Elawam as a sort of wild greens growing in gardens and on the strand of rivers,
and identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ elbargascht ” of the Persians : C. pentaphylla was observed
by Alpinus, and Delile, as far North as Cairo ; is enumerated by Ciot-Bey among the plants employed
in Egypt for feeding cattle ; and is a well-known esculent on the Upper Nile and throughout Equatorial
Africa as far as Congo (Oudney, R. Brown, and A. D ec.). Eastward, the “ karaveUa ” or
“ suryyavalli ” of Susrutas sutr. 19 to 46 is referred here by H essler ; C. pentaphylla has Sanscrit
names (P idd.); was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ix. pl. 24, and W ight; by Graham, in the
environs of Bombay “ common in gardens and C'^Hivated grounds.” Farther East, is enumerated by
Blanco as called “ araña” at Manila. By European colonists, was carried prior to 1707 (Sloane i. 94)
to Tropical America, where the names “ sam bo” at Jamaica, “ m osam be” or “ acaia” at Cayenne,
and “ coyers” at Barbadoes, imply African origin; was also carried to Taheiti, as verified by myself.
Glancium citrinum of Northern Hindustan. Called at Lahore “ mameeran ” (Honigb. 280), in
which we recognize the “ mamiran ” of Rhazes. The “ ma-mee-ran ” is however defined in the Ulfaz
Udwiyeh 1351 as a sjrecies of yellow wood (J. F. Wats, index).
Suoeda vera of Arabia and Egypt. Calied in Egypt “ suæd ” or “ soud,” in which we recognize
the “ suad” of Rhazes, — Ebn Kedhwan, Mosih ben Elhakam, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar: S. ver.i
was observed by Forskal, and Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria: and
farther South, by Forskal in the maritime portion of Yemen.
Spinacia olerácea of Central Asia. Called in Egypt “ esbanach,” in which we recognize the
“ isfanaj” of Rhazes, — Avicenna, Serapion, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: S. olerácea was observed in
Egypt by Alpinus, Forskal, Delile, and Ciot-Bey. Farther North, is called in Persian “ ispanaj”
or “ ispanj ” (Roxb.) ; seeds were collected in the plains of Persia by Olivier (B ose, diet, agr.) ; and
tlie plant was found by C. Koch apparently indigenous around Caucasus (A. D ec.). Westward, is
described by Brunfels p. 16, Fuchs p. 668, Tragus, Matthioli, Cotgrave, Dodoens v. i, and C. Bauhin ;
continues to be cultivated throughout Europe, and is called in Italian “ spinace,” in English spinach
(Prior). Eastward from Persia, has no Sanscrit name (A. D ec.) ; but is called in Flindustanee
“ isfanaj” or “ palak ” or “ bathua” (D'rozar ), was observed in Hindustan by Roxbui'gh, and by
Graham “ cultivated in gardens.” Farther East, was observed by Loureiro cultivated around Canton.
By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be abundantly cultivated.
Zygophyllum fabago of the Northern portion of the Desert, from Barbary fo Syria and the border
of Siberia. The “ andarían ” of Rhazes 24 — is referred here by Sprengel : Z. fabago was observed
by Rauwolf p. 113 in Syria; and according to Lindley, is esteemed there “ as a vermifuge.:” is
known to grow also on the border of Siberia, in the Crimea, and in Barbary (Lam. ill. pl. 345, I’ers.,
and Lindl.).
Acacia tortilis of Yemen, Called there “ h a r e s;” the “ yellow and red vars ” described by
Rhazes as “ brought from Y'emen and collected upon trees like pounded saffron,” — may be compared
: Forskal is silent respecting any use made of A. tortilis ? but the tree is enumerated by Lindley
among the species of Acacia “ yielding a gum iike gum arabic.”
Gnilandina bonduc of Tropical shores, from the West Indies and Brazil to the Eastward to the
Malayan Archipelago and the Samoan and Flawaiian i.slands. The “ bunduk hindi” of Rliazes,—
Masudi, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar, may be compared : G. bonduc was observed by For.skal p. I 35
in the interior towns of Yemen, brought from Hindustan and planted by the Banians under the name
of “ sirs,” but unknown to the Arabs around. Eastward, has Sanscrit names (Pidd.) ; is called in
Bengalee “ nata,” in Hindustanee “ katkarunja ” or “ katkulija” (L indl,); was observecl by Kheede
ii. pl. 22 in Malabar; by Graham, “ a scandent well armed shrub” called “ sagur-gota,” common “ in
hedges and jungly tracts;” was observed by myself near Bombay; and according to Roxburgh,
Wight, and Lindley p. 156 and 263, the seeds in powder are a powerful bitter and tonic, and an excellent
febrifuge, i'arther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Bnrmah and called “ ka-leing ; ”
was observed by Wallich 5806 on Penang ; is known to grow on Timor (D ecsne fl-p. 134) ; was observed
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 649
by Rumphius-V. pl. 48 ou Amboyna and called “ seh it;” by Blanco, on the Philippines, called in
Ta»alo “ bayag cambing” or “ calambibit,” in Bisaya “ dalugdug,” and the seeds used medicinally by
the°natives ; observed by myself on Mindanao, and on the Feejeean and Samoan Islands ; and by
Beechey (Hook.), and Mann, on the Hawaiian Islands. Westward from Ceylon, was carried according
to Bojer p. 116 to the Comoro Islands and to Madagascar, where it has become naturalized; was
observed by Drége at the Cape of Good Hope (E . Mey.) ; is known to grow along the W est African
coast in Congo, Guinea, and Senegambia (R.'Brown, Thoning, and Perr.); was observed by myself
in Southern Brazil; by Aublet, in Guyana; by Sloane, Plumier, and others, in the W est Indies as
far as the point of Florida, and seeds drifted by the Gulf stream have preserved their vitality after
reaching the Irish coast (J. Banks, and A. D ec.).
Cucumis djyzar hendi of Scind and the adjoining portion of Hindustan. Called in Yemen
“ djyzar hendi” Indian carrot, and the “ bathikh elhindi” of Rhazes, — Eltainimi, and Ebn Baitar,
is referred here by Sontheimer: C. djyzar hendi was observed by Forskal in a few gardens in Yemen,
brought from India and called by the Indians (Banians) “ gadjer” or “ schekarkand,” the root edible.
(See C. pseudo-colocynthis).
“ 925 A. D .” (N icol.), Edward succeeded by Athelstan or Ethestan, eighth Anglo-Saxon king
of EnIngl atnhdis. year ( = 839 + “ loth - f 48 + i2th + 3 + i + 4 -f. 2d -j- 6 = 86 years ” of Malabar
domination, Mahavams. liv to lix), the Malabars defeated by Mahaloo Wijayaba, who now became
king of Ceylon. — He reinstated the Budhist religion by sending to his friend king Anoorudda, and
importing “ twenty priests” together with “ several book s” (from Aramaradeese on the coast of
Coromandel, note by transl.).
“ 926 A. D. = ‘thian-tching,’ ist year of Ming-tsoung, of the later Thang ” or Seventeenth dynasty
— (Chinese chron. table).
“ In the reign of Ming-tsoung” (Pauth. 333), the art of printing from wooden blocks, invented
in China. The printing of the first four books of Confucius is referred by Humboldt cosm. ii. to
“ 890-925.”
Toltecs under their “ fifth” chief Nimaquiché retiring to Guatemala, founded the city of Ouiché
on lake Atitan ; and Nimaquiché dying on the route, his son Acxopil became in effect the first king
of Guatemala (art de verif. contin.). Agave Americana of the Western slope of the Peruvian Andes. The century plant, called in
Peru “ chuchau,” and its fibre “ chahuar,” and this fibre twisted into mantles by the wild tribes of
the cold portion of the Andes — (G. de la Vega i. 14 to viii. 13) ; also gave the name “ Chahuarhuay ”
(June) to the second month established by Yupanqui; and furnished the slings given to youths of
Inca descent in the seventh month Ccapac Raynii (C. de Molin. 38). Numerous uses of the plant
are mentioned by G. de la Vega, and Ruiz and Pavon iii. 66; and the plant itself was observed by
myself clearly indigenous and' a striking feature in the vegetation on the basal portion of the Peruvian
Andes. In Mexico, the “ maguey ” or “ metl ” was cultivated as far South as the Aztec language
extended for making cordage and the kind of paper on which hieroglyphics were painted, and its
sap fermented into “ pulké ; ” a beverage not used by the Otomite, Totonac, nor Mistec tribes
(Humb. iv. 9) : A. Americana is described by Lopez de Gomara (Spreng.). By European colonists
was carried Westward across the Pacific to the Philippines, where it is used by the natives medicinally
and for making fine cloth, and is called “ magui ” (Blanco) ; to the neighbouring islands,
termed “ aloe americana” bv Rumphius v. pl. 94; to Flindustan, called in Bengalee “ bilatipat” or
“ jungli-ananash,” in Tamil “ anaik-katrazhai,” in Telinga “ rakashi-mattalu,” in Hindustanee “ bakas-
paltah ” or “ halhi-sengar ” or “ bara-kanvar ” or “ jungli-kanvar” (Drur.), and “ now comm on”
tliroughout (Royle, Wi'ght, and Drur.). Transported to Europe “ in 1586” (Gamer, hort. 11, and
Clus. hisp. 444), continues to be cultivated, especially for hedges, in Southern Spain, Algeria, Sicily,
Italy, and Dalmatia, has become seemingly naturalized but does not ripen seed (A. Dec.) ; was
observed by Siebold, and Chaubard, in c'reece, a few stocks derived apparently from former cultivation:
by European colonists also, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in
greenhouses. Its roots according to Lindley are diuretic, and are brought to Europe mixed with
sarsaparilla. ,
“ 927 A. D .” ( = 87s -)- cycle of 52 years, Clavig. ii.), accession of Mitl, sixth Toltec king of
Mexico.
Ipomaea jalapa of the Mexican table-land. Called by the Spanish colonists “ jalapa m acho”
or “ purga macho ” (Schiede), and the “ mechoacan ” of the ancient Mexicans * — (Humb. iv. 10) may
* Inga nngniscati oi Mexico and the W est Indies. A large shrub called in Me.xico “ quamo-
chitl” (Hernand. 94), and known from early times: — observed by Plumier pl. 4, Descourtilz i. pl.
I I , and Macfadyen, frequent in the West Indies. By European colonists, was carried Westward
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