- - Z Ú ;
“ In this y e a r ” (Diodor., and Clint.), by Demetrius Poliorcetes, Athens liberated; Demetrius
Phalerius escaping to Egypt.
Phanias of Eresus, a pupil of Aristotle and the contemporary and friend of Theophrastus
(Sm. b. d.).
Afalva rotundifolia of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Britain mallows
(Jossel. and Ainsw.), in France “ mauve” (Nugent), in Germany “ runde kasepappel” (Fraas), in
Italy “ malva” (Lenz), in Greece “ moloha” or “ molohe” (Sibth.) or “ agria moloha” (Fraas), in
Yemen “ hobsen” (Forsk.); in which we recognize the MAAAXH whose seed-vessel resembling
a sea-urchin in its markings according to Phanias is called RAAKOYC cakes, — descnbed by
Theophrastus vii. 8. 1 as “ epigSiokaula” its stem resting on the ground, and called “ molohe”
before the days of Athenaeus ii. 52 : the “ malahe hSrsaia” of Dioscorides may also be compared :
M. rotundifolia was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in fallow ground from the
Peloponnesus to Asia Minor; by Forskal, among the mountains of Yemen, and “ aqua Malv. rotun-
difol.” called “ habize” in the drug-shops of Egypt. Westward, the “ moloche” is mentioned by
Columella x. 247 ; several kinds of “ malva,” by Pliny xx. 84 ; and the “ malva ” flagging in the heat
as understood by Gildas ep. 59 writing in Britain, seems to belong h e re : M. rotundifolia is termed
“ m. vulgaris flore minore folio rotundo” by Tournefort inst. 95; was observed by Lenz in Italy,
used there medicinally; and is known to occur in waste places as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 721,
and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried before 1669 Qoss.) to Northeast America, where
it continues along roadsides and around dwellings in our Atlantic States, even according to Chapman
in the far South. (See M. sylvestris).
Echinophora tenuifolia oi the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ valtohorton ”
(F ra a s ) ; and the MYH' tONON of Phanias, — enumerated by Theophrastus vi. r. 4 among
striate-stemmed ferulaceous plants, by Pliny xxi. 30 as coronary, may be compared: E. tenuifolia
is described by Columna ecphr. i. pl. l o i ; is termed “ e. pastinacae fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 656;
,was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna, by Chaubard on
Antiparos, one of the two plants surviving the September heat of the sun; is known to grow as
far West as the Southern extreme of Italy; and as cultivated by Sprengel proved extremely
fragrant.
“ 306 B. C.” (Diodor., and Clint), the forces of Ptolemy defeated in naval combat by Demetrius
Poliorcetes. The title of “ king ” now assumed by Ptolemy and three other of Alexander’s generals,
Seleucus, Lysimachus, and Antigonus. A daughter of Antigonus, Berenice, became the wife of
Ptolemy (Plin. xxvii. 8, and Tzetz.).
The hieroglyphic ovals of Ptolemy, not earlier therefore than this date. Obelisks now for the
first time removed from their original site ; two being brought by Ptolemy from Heliopolis to Alex andria:
— where they remain, one of-them upright to the present day.
“ In this y e a r ” '(D . Laert. v. 38, Spreng., and Sm. b. d.), the philosophers, including Theophrastus,
banished from Athens. — The law was repealed in the following year, and the philosophers
returned.
The M Y K H T E C : A n O A i e O YM E N O I of the Erythrman Sea mentioned by Tlieophrastus
iv. 7 — are referred by Lenz to corals: and may be compared especially with the genus Fungia.
Uvaria narum oi Western Hindustan. A climbing shrub called in Malabar “ narum-panel ”
(Drur.) ; in which we recognize the N A I PO N enumerated among perfumes by Theophrastus ix. 7.
3 : — U. narum was observed by Rheede ii. pl. 19 in Malabar, the roots fragrant and aromatic, yidd-
ing a sweet-scented greenish oil which is employed medicinally; by Graham, in “ the Concans ” as
far North as Bombay; by Wight, and Drury, Southward to Travancore.
Diospyros ebenaster of Tropical Hindustan and Ceylon. A sort of EB ENOY : nOI KI AHC
variegated ebony is mentioned by Theophrastus v. 3. 2 as the product of a large tree with beautiful
foliage and resembling the p e a r :— the Indian “ gvinos ” is described by Dioscorides as inferior
to the Ethiopian kind and marked with light or tawny bands and spots (see al.so Salmas, comm.
Solin. 727): D. ebenaster is described „by Rumphius i. pl. 6 ; was observed by Retz v. 33 near
Calcutta (Pers.) ; is known to grow in other parts of Hindustan and on Ceylon, the wood according
to Tennent i. 117 of extreme beauty; the prevailing black stained with stripes of rich brown, approaching
to yellow and pink, but the heart never sound (Drury).
around Bombay, its “ leaves deciduous after the rains; ” by Wight, one of the most commonly
cultivated and best known trees in the peninsula, planted in avenues, and its wood useful; by Roxburgh,
Ainslie, and Royle, as far as Bengal, its bark leaves and exuded gum employed medicinally;
by Mason v. 540, in Burmah, “ not uncommon from Maulmain to T ou ngoo” and producing “ a valuable
timber,” the trunk according to Berdmore attaining “ a girth of twelve feet.”
Euphorbia heptagona oi Southern Africa. The PIZA: ©ANHTOi 'OPOC of Ethiopia in
which arrows are dipped, mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 15.2, — may be compared : E. heptagona
is described by Bradley succ. ii. pl. 13, Boerhave lugd. i. pi. 258, and according to Virey “ the Etliio-
pians tip their arrows with the milk which is a mortal poison ; ” is further attributed by Lindley to
the “ Cape of Good Hope.” The Wazaramo, a Negro tribe inhabiting the coast opposite Zanzibar,
were found by Speke ii. 2 to keep their arrows “ well poisoned.”
Zygia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A very large tree, the largest in Uhiyow in “ 7° S .,”
called “ m’koondee ” (Grant), and the pods probably already “ used for lashing round poisoned arrows
instead of leather : ” — the pods also “ said to be edible,” and the wood which “ takes a fine polish ”
used for boats and drums (Speke trav. app.).
Scirpus {Eleocharis) palustris of Temperate Climates. Called in Britain club-rush (Prior) ; and
the TY<I>I-I of Theophrastus iv. to, leafless and growing in and around the Orchomenian lake, — its
smooth stem according to Dioscorides having around the summit a densely-crowded “ ékpappóumé-
nón ” flower, may be compared r _E. palustris was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in marshes
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal, Jomard, and Delile, in Egypt as
far as the Fayoum ; is known to grow in the Tauro-Caspian countries (Bieb.) and Siberia (Wats.).
Westward, is termed “ s. equiseti capitulo majori ” by Tournefort iiist. 528 ; was observed by Brotero
in Portugal; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and
Iceland (Hook., fl. Dan. pi. 273, and Wats.). Farther West, is known to grow throughout our Atlantic
States as far as Florida (Muhl., Nutt., A. Gray, and Chapm.) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky;
by Nuttall, along the Arkansas ; and was received by Kunth from the Hawaiian Islands. In
the Southern Hemisphere, was observed by Baldwin in the Banda Oriental; by J; D. Hooker, in
Patagonia and on the Falkland Islands (A. Dec.) ; and was received by Kunth from Austral Africa.
Phalaris paradora of the Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Greece “ alepöunöura ”
(Sibth.); in which we recognize the AAQf lEKOYPOC of Theophrastus vii. n . 2 having a spike
neither acute nor pointed, but soft and downy like a fox’s tail, and flowering in successive portions ;
— P. paradoxa was ob.served by Sibthorp, and Bory, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus
throughout Greece ; by Delile, around Salehyeh in Lower Egypt. Westward, is termed
“ gramen spicatum perenne semine miliaceo radice repente,” by Tournefort inst. 519 (Desf.) ; and is
known to occur as far as Portugal (Pers.).
Alopecurus utriculatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Also called in Greece
“ alepöunöura ” (Sibth.); and possibly included in the “ alópékouros ” of Theophrastus : — A. utriculatus
was observed by Forskal, Sibthotp, and Chaubard, in waste places and grassy situations from
the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, is termed “ gramen spicatum pratense spica ex
utriculo prodeunte” l)y Tournefort inst. 519, “ plutlaris utricnlata” by LinntEi;,s ; was observed by
Scopoli insubr. pl. 12, and Savi, in Italy as far as Milan (Pers.). ■ '
Polvpogon Monspelicnse of the shores of the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic.
A grass called in Greece “ alöpenöura ” (Fraas), in Egypt “ deyl el-far” mouse tail (De l.); and the
“ alópékóuros ” of Theophiastus — is referred here by Fraas: the “ teil” grass is mentioned in
Stephanus’ translation of Haly Abbas ; and the “ tliil ” grass by Ebn Baitar : P. Monspelicnse was
oliserved by For.skal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna;
by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo ; and by myself frequent on the river-flat of the Nile as far
as Thebes. Westward, the account of the “ alopecuros” by Pliny xxi. 61 seems taken from Theophrastus;
but the " tei l ” grass is menlioned by Michael de Capella : P. Monspeliense is described
by Barrelier pl. 115 ; is termed “ panicum maritimum spica longiore villosa” by Tournefort inst. 515 ;
was observecl by Scopoli in Carniolia, by Savi in Italy, by Desfontaines atl, in Barbary ; and is known
to grow along the Atlantic as far as Britain (Huds., Lam. fl. fr., and Pers,). By European traders
and colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized on the Isle of
Shoals (A. Gray), and near the sea in South Carolina (Ell., and Cliapm,).
Hordeum bulbosum of the .Mediterranean countries, The CTEA Ei>OYPOC according to Theophrastus
vii. 11. 2 by some called APNOfAi lCCON or OPTYH, i ts spike flowering throughout at once
like that of wheat, and the whole plant resembling wheat fl Y PQ except that die leaves are broader, —
may be compared : H . bulbosum is termed “ gramen creticum spicatum secalinum altissimum tuberosa
radice” by Tournefort cor, 39 ; was observed liy Chaubard in all grassy places in the Peloponnesus;
by Sibthorp in maritime sand on Cyprus; and was received by Fischer from the Tauro-Caspian
countries (Steud.). Westward, is described by Barrelier pl. 112; is known to grow in Italy (Pers,),
and on the arid plains of Tunis (De.sf. i. pl. 37, and Schousb. maroc.).
Aegilops ovata of the Mediterranean countries. A grass called in Italy “ cerere ” or “ grano
delle formiche ” or “ egilope ” (Lenz), in Greece “ makrogSnni ” or “ agriösitarö” or “ sithérostaró ”
(Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the A I f I AQ fl OC of Theophrastus vii. 13. 5 to caus. iv. 16. 2, growing
among barley and Fl OAYXITQN having many tunics, — nientioned also by Nicander ther. 857,
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