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428 CHRONO LO G ICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
ics they yet retained its name, “ kakari ” — in New Zealand signifying “ feast : ” C. nucifera throughout
the Pacific occurs only on those islands to which it has been carried by the natives, a fact well known
to traders; was observed by myself only under cultivation throughout the islands of the Pacific and
the Malayan archipelago. Farther West, three hundred and sixty different uses of a “ phoinikos ”
are enumerated in a Persian poem (Strab. xvi. i. 14) ; nuts were seen by Apollonius of Tyana in
Hindustan, such as in the days of Phiiostratus iii. 5 were kept as curiosities in the temples of Greece
(Beckm.) ; the “ karuon mëgistôn tön inthikon ” is mentioned in pseudo-Callisthenes iii. 8, “ karuston
to niëgistôn to inthikoun” by Palladius brachm. 5 (C. Mull, fragm. Ctes.) ; “ argellia” were growing
on the Maldives and Laccadives in the days of Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. 336 ; “ na-lo-k’i-lo ” were
seen in Hindustan by the Chinese traveller Hiouen-Thang ; the cocoanut palm is fully described by
Ebn Wahab, and Abu Zaid, who speak of a class of devotees planting it on uninhabited islands (a
seeming explanation of its presence on the Mauritius Islands “ two centuries” before the time of
Marcgraf) ; and imported nuts are mentioned by Rhazes, Haly Abbas, Avicenna, and Mesue ; C.
nucifera was observed by myself along the seashore of Western Hindustan and Eastern Equatorial
Africa, cultivated for its crude sap or “ tod d y;” at Muscat, was said to be cultivated “ in the Interior
country ; at Moclia, a locality given by Forskal, I found only one or two young shoots ; but hlR
Egypt, nuts in quantities imported by the way of Mecca and the Thebaid. Eastward from the Polynesian
islands, nuts were seen by Columbus on his fourth voyage, in Central America (Churchill coll.) ;
the living C. nucifera is said by Oviedo to abound “ in the province of tlie cacique Chimam,” on the
Pacific side of the Isthmus ; by Dampier, to grow not on the main land but on outlying islands ; was
observed by Wafer, and Vancouver, covering the uninhabited not far distant Cocos Island. By European
colonists, was carried to the W est India islands in the life-time of Petrus Martyr i. 148 (Sloane
ii. 9) ; afterwards to Brazil (Marcgr. and Pis. 65 to 138) ; to Congo and Benguela (Marcgr. 138, and
Mart. 125) ; and to the Cape Verd Islands, observed there by myself.
Paritium tiliaceum of wooded Tropical sliores around the Globe. A straggling interlaced tree
of medium size called in Malabar “ paroottee,” in Bengalee “ b ola” (D rur.), in Burmah “ lyee-nya-
sh a ” (Mason), in Tagalo and Pampango “ balibago,” on Cebu “ malabago ” and Dagami “ ragiiindi”
(Blanco), on the Feejeean Islands “ van,” on the Tongan Samoan and Nukahivan Islands “ fa n ”
(H ale), by the Mosquito tribe of Honduras “ maho ” (Damp.), in Carib “ onagneii ” (D escourtilz);
and except on secluded coral-islands familiarly known to the Polynesians : — observed by myself
forming groves along the seashore from the Hawaiian Islands and Metia to the Feejeean Islands and
the Malayan archipelago, its bark everywhere used by the natives for making cordage, coarse and
fine ; by Blanco on the Philippines, and by Rumphius ii. pl. 73, used for the same purpose ; by Mason
V . 520 in Burmah, one of the three trees from which “ ropes are more frequently made ; ” by Rheede
i. pi. 30, in Malabar; by Ro.xburgh, Wight, and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula ; but by Graham,
under cultivation only in the vicinity of Bombay. Westward, was observed by Drège in Austral
Africa ; is known to grow along the Atlantic in Equatorial Africa (R. Brown, Hook., and A. Dec.) ;
was observed by Lerius, and A. Saint-Hilaire, in Brazil; by Sloane, Macfadyen, and Descourtilz, it!
the W est Indies ; by Dampier in Honduras, its bark furnishing cords and fishing lines. “ P. tri-
cuspe,” a single tree observed on Taheiti, appeared to me only a remarkable deviation in the form
of the leaf. P. macrophyllum, distinguished in Burmah and called “ bet-mwæ-shau,” is enumerated
by Mason v. 520 as another of the three trees from which “ ropes are usually made.”
Siegesbeckia Orientalis of Tropical and Subtropical Australia ? A weed called in the environs
of Canton “ chim ag” (Osb.) ; and known to the Polynesians as early probably as this date: —
received from Mexico (Pers.) ; observed by myself in cultivated and fallow ground on Metia, Taheiti,
Tongatabu, New Zealand, and seemingly indigenous on the tide-water fiat of the Hunter river in A vX
tralia; observed by Thunberg, in Japan ; by Osbeck, in the vicinity of Canton ; by Roxburgh, and
Wight, in peninsular Hindustan; by Graham, and Lusli, “ common in the Deccan,” but no native
name is given; by Forskal p. 151, in Tropical Arabia ; and received from the Caspian countries by
Buxbaum cent. iii. pl. 52, and Bieberstein (Steud.) ; was observed by Bojer on Madagascar and the
Comoro Islands. . Probably by European colonists was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it has
become naturalized (Boj.).
Ageratnm conyzoides of Tropical America. A weed carried to the islands of the Pacific as
early perhaps as this date : * — observed by myself abounding seemingly indigenous on the Hawaiian
* Adenostemma viscosum of Tropical America ? An herbaceous weed carried lo Taheiti as early
possibly as this date : — observed there by Forster prodr. 284 ; by myself, there and on the PIawaiian,
Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, frequent in neglected clearings, also in the Malayan archipelago ; by
Thunberg, in Japan ; by Burmann pi. 42, on Ceylon; by Rheede x. pl. 63, in Malabar ; by Graham,
“ a common weed ” as far as Bombay.
Bidensptlosa of Tropical and Subtropical America. A white-rayed species carried to the islands
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 429
Islands, and naturalized on the Taheitian and Feejeean; by Blume bijdr. 906, on Java; by Mason,
in Burmah ; by Hermann par. i6 i (Spreng.), and Gardner soc. hort. iv. 40, on Ceylon ; by Roxburgh,
in Hindustan, but devoid of a Sanscrit or any ancient name (A. D ec.) ; by Law, and Graham,
“ one of the commonest weeds in gardens at Belgaum,” also “ in Bombay, and generally everywhere ; ”
by Bojer, on Madagascar; by myself, on Zanzibar ; by Grant, “ common near fields 2° N .” on the
N ile; is known to occur as far as the Atlantic at Cape Verd (Perrottet) and Congo (R . Brown).
Westward, was observed by Sloane i. pl. 152 in the W est Indies ; by myself, in Southern Brazil; and
is known to grow from S. Lat. 37° in Chili along the Western coast as far as the Galapagos Islands
(Beech, voy. 30, and J. D . H ook.) and Mexico (Kunth). By European colonists, was carried to the
Mauritius Islands, where it has become naturalized (Boj.) ; to Austral Africa (D rége) ; to St.
Helena and Madeira, observed by myself ; to the vicinity of Savannah in Georgia (Torr, and A. Gray,
and Chapm.). Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet phyt. pl. 88.
Ipomoea pes-caprcE of sandy Tropical shores around the Globe. A spreading prostrate vine
called in Malabar “ schovanna-adamboe,” in Hindustanee “ dopate-luta,” in Bengalee “ chagul-
kbooree” (Drur,), in the environs of Bombay “ dobutee-luta " or “ chagul-koon ” (Graham), in Burmah
“ pen-lay-ka-zwon ” (Mason), in Tagalo and Bisaya “ catangeatang ” or “ lagairai” or “ lampay-
ong,” in Ylocano “ lambayong ” (Blanco) ; and, except on secluded coral-islands, familiarly known to
the Polynesians all the way to the shores of America : — observed by myself in loose seaside sand
from the Plawaiian Islands and Metia to the Feejeean Islands ; by R. Brown, as far as the shores of
Australia ; is described by Rumphius v. pi. 159; i.s known to grow in China (Graham) ; was observed
by Blanco frequent on the seashore of the Philippines, its leaves regarded by the natives as having
the remarkable property of removing excrescences in wounds ; by Mason v. 479, in Burmah, its
leaves ajrplied externally for medicinal purposes ; by Rheede xi. pl. 57, in Malabar ; by Roxburgh,
and Drury, in other parts of Plindustan ; by Graham, “ common on sandy beaches as far as Bombay,
its leaves boiled by the natives and applied externally in colic; by myself, on Zanzibar. Westward,
is known to grow on the Atlantic side of Equatorial Africa (R. Brown cong., and Benth. fi. nigr.) ;
was observed by myself on the seashore of Soutliern Brazil ; is known to grow also in the W est
Indies and as far as St. Augustine and N. Lat. 31° on Cumberland isle (N . A. Ware, J. Read, Ell.,
and Cliapm.) ; also from La Guayra to Porto Bello on the Panama Istlimus ; and was observed by
J. D. Hooker on the Galapagos Islands. Transported to Europe, is described by Hermann hort.
lugd.pl, 175.
Physalis angulata of Tropical America. Called in Malabar “ inota inodien” (R heede), in Burmah
“ pung-ben” (Mason), in Ylocano “ tuttullacac ” (Blanco), on Taheiti “ tamani ” (Bertero), on
fhe Hawaiian Islands “ kamani ” ( . . . . ) ; and carried to the islands of the Pacific as early perhaps
as this date : — observed by Bertero on T aheiti; by myself, a weed only, diminutive and smooth,
on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands, and the Malayan archipelago ;
by Blanco, on the Philippines ; by Thunberg, in Japan ; by Mason, in Burmah ; by Grant, its “ leaves
used as a vegetable, by huts 2° N .” on the Nile. Eastward, was observed by Ruiz and Pavon ii. 42
of the Pacific as early perhaps as this date : — observed by Mann on the Plawaiian Islands ; by
myself, a weed on the Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan, and Feejeean Islands ; by Forster, on tlie Tongan
Islands ; and by him, and Lesson, on New Zealand (A. D ec.). Eastward, was observed by myself in
the environs of Valparaiso and Lima ; by Aublet 794, in Guayana; by Maycock, in the W est Indies ;
and by Chapman, in “ South Florida.” By European colonists was carried to the Bay of San Francisco,
where I was informed by Spanish residents it gave the name “ Herba Buena ” to the landing-
place on the South side (now the city of San Francisco) ; was also carried to the Canary Islands (A.
D ec.), Cape Verd Islands and neighbouring coast of Guinea (W ebb in fl. nigr. 142), and to the Mauritius
Islands (D ec.). Transported to Europe, is described by Dillenius pi. 43 (P ers.).
Dracontium (Ariscema) polyphyllum of Tropical America. Called in Guayana “ labaria,” being
one of the remedies against the bite of the labarri snake (Lindl.), observed by Descourtilz wild in
the W est Indies: carried to the Polynesian islands as early possibly as this date: — cultivated
on the Society Islands and its roots eaten in times of scarcity, also in Japan where a medicine is prepared
from them (Drur.) ; observed by myself frequent in cultivated ground on the Samoan Island.s,
rare on the Feejeean. Farther West, is called in Tamil “ caat-karnay ” or “ caat-carnaykalung,” in
Telinga “ adivie-kanda,” in Hindustanee “ junglai-kandi ” (J. F. W ats.) ; was observed in Hindustan
by Ainslie, Piddington, Speede, and R. N. Brown, the prepared root regarded as antispasmodic, a
valuable remedy in asthma, and used by the natives in liEEmorrhoids (D rur.).
Canna angusiifolia? of Tropical America. A low yellow-flowered species that may have been
introduced into the Hawaiian Islands as early as this d a te :— observed by myself only on Oahu,
abundantly naturalized in the valley leading inland from Honolulu.
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