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5 7 6 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
of Eastern Equatorial America. The second species of cassava, differing in the
leaves and its crude sap not poisonous, also cultivated by American tribes from remote antiquity—■
(Humb. iv. 9) ; with the preceding throughout Brazil, Guayana, and the warmer parts of Mexico (A.
D ec.) ; and the “ aipim ” by the Purus of the Upper Amazon (Spruce in Markh. edit, p. 347) ; the
“ aipimakaxera ” roasted according to Nieuhoff can be eaten without danger; the “ wild maudi-
hoca ” figured' in Piso and MarcgTaf 55, is referred here by P o h l; but M. aipi has not been found
in the indigenous state. By European colonists, was carried to Equatorial Africa, for “ mahogo” is
mentioned'by Grant as the staple food of the Zanzibar people, where some kinds are “ eaten raw ; ”
to Hindustan, where besides instances of poisoning, Drury states that the natives “ cook the raw root
for curries ; ” to the Philippines, where according to Blanco the “ digitata ” variety is the most
abundant, and its roots are cooked and eaten without further preparation.
“ 539, April i6th ” = “ i6th of the calends of May ” (cod. Justin., Blair, and Clint.), publication
of the Justinian codex of Laws.
“ After Sept. 1 st” (MalaL, and Clint.), edict transmitted to Athens by Justinian, prohibiting the
teaching of “ philosophy and astronomy.” Damascius of Syria, Simplicius of Cilicia, Eulamius of
Phrygia, Priscianus of Lydia, Ermeias and Diogenes of Phoenicia, and Isidorus of Gaza, withdrew
in consequence into Persia.
“ 530 A. D .” (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Felix succeeded by Bonifacius, fifty-third bishop of Rome.
“ 531 A. D .” (Procop , and Clint.), treaty of alliance between Justinian and the Abyssinians and
Homerites (Himyarites or emirs of Arabia) ; the latter engaging to invade the Persian territory.
In connexion apparently with this opening of intercourse with Abyssinia, the fortified monastery
on Mount Sinai built by Justinian. — But according to Lepsius (eg. and sin. p. 558), the earliest
bishop of Mount Sinai, Jorius, died in “ 1033.”
“ Sept. 13th” (Agath., Malah, and Clint.), Cabades succeeded by Chosroes (Khoosroo surnamed
Nushirwan), eighteenth Sasanid king of Persia.
The T Z a r r a , boots of Persian kings and Byzantine emperors, of red leather; none of their
.subjects were allowed to wear red leather'(Procop. iii. 247. 14, and Cedren. ii. 47. 14.) — The Greek
word is regarded by E. A. Sophocles as the origin of the German “ schenkel,” Anglo-Saxon “ scanc,”
and English and Swedish “ shank.”
In “ the reign of the Persian king Nooshirwan,” 531 to 579 A. D ., the Fables of Pilpay trans-
■ lated from Sanscrit into Pehlevi by the physician Barzouyeh, who brought the original with other
books from Hindustan (D e Sacy, and Royle antiq. hind. med. 68).
“ 532 A. D .” (Lib pontif., and Clint.), Bonifacius succeeded by Joannes Mercurms, fifty-fourth
bisho“p5 3o3f AR.o mDe..” (Marcellin., and Clint.), ratification by Justinian of the treaty ot peace w•i th. Chosroes
; and return from Persia of Damascius, Simplicius, and the other philosophers.
“ 534 A. D .” (Procop., and Clint.), by Belisarius, Carthage captured, Gelimer taken prisoner, and
the rule of the Vandals in North Africa closed.
“ In the spring” (Paul. Diac., and Clint.), death of Theoderic king of the French. At Ravenna,
the accession of Theodahad, fourth Gothic king of Italy; coins of whom, are extant.
One hundred and forty-fifth generation. May ist, 534, onward mostly beyond youth : the Arab
poets El-Muhelhil, Ebn-El-Abras, Ebn-Kamee-ah, El-Akbar, Aboo-Du-ad, Ebn-Damreh, and Ebn-
Kureya (see Lane diet.): the Greek historians, Joannes Rhetor, Petrus Patricius, Hesychius of
Miletus, and Joannes Lydus; the grammarian Hermolaus; the jurist Tribonianus ; the arcliitect
Anthem'ius ■ the Greek ecclesiastical writers, Ephraimius of Antioch, Menas, Eutychius of Amasia,
and T heodlsius of Alexandria: the Latin writer Corippus : the Latin ecclesiastical writers, Aprigius,
Justinianus of Spain, Liberatus Justus, Facundus, and Martinus Dumiensis.
“ The same year” (Clint.), end of the chronicle of Marcellinus Comes.
“ In this year” (ann. Jap., transl. T its.), accession of An kan, twenty-eighth dairo of Japan.
“ 53; A. D .” (Procop., and Clint.), war against the Italian Goths ; Belisarius, consul for tliis year
enter“inMg aayn”d (oLcicbu. ppyoinngti fS.,i cainlyd. Clint), Joannes Mercurius succeeded. b.y. A gapetus, fifty-f„ifrt,h bishop otf
A D ” (Act. concil., and Clint.), death of Agapetus at Constantinople; and Silverius
appointed fifty-sixth bishop of Rome by The'odahad, and afterwards regularly ordained. Silverius
was a “ son of Hormisdas ” the fiftieth bishop (Alst.). ^ ^ r t. i
“ A ugust” (Clint.), death of Theodahad, and accession of 'Witiges, fifth Gothic king of Italy.
Coin“s Dofe cW 9ittihg e”s (aPrreo ceoxpta.,n ta.n d Clint.), after capturing Naples, entrance of Belisari. us m. „t o R„ ome.
“ In this year;’ (ann. Jap,, transl. T its.), An-kan succeeded by his brother Zin-kwa, now twenty-
ninth dairo of Japan.
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 577
“ 537 A. D .” (Lib. pontif., and Clint.), Silverius deposed by Belisarius, and Vigilius ordained
fifty-seventh bishop of Rome. Before the close of the year, Belisarius, besieged in Rome by an
army of Goths under Witiges, sent the historian Procopius on a mission to Naples.
“ In or about this year” (Percev, i. 141), Aryat slain and succeeded by Abraha, now second
Abyssinian governor of Y em en.— Under his rule, Gregentius sent by the patriarch of Alexandria
to Zhafar as bishop.
“ 538 A. D .” (Procop., and Clint.), after a siege of “ a year and nine days,” withdrawal of the
Goths from Rome. Although followed by Belisarius, Witiges reached, and aided by the Burgundians
laid siege to Milan.
In this year ( = 543 B. C. — “ loSo years” in Mahavams. xii.), accession of Ambaharanasala
a s king of Ceylon. — He “ destroyed all the wicked priests and burned their book s” (Braminical),
and reigned “ thirteen years.” Sida stipulata oi Tropical Africa and Asia as far as Burmah. Called in Burmah “ pyen-dan-
gna-len” (Mason), and probably from early times known there and in H ind ustan:— ob.served by
Mason v. 519 indigenous in Burmah, growing in company with S. acuta * from which it is “ not
* Sida acuta of Tropical Eastern Asia, Branching and shrubby, four to six feet high, called
in Tagalo and Bisaya and Pampango “ mamalis” or “ pam alis” or “ vavalisin” or “ higot balato,” in
Ylocano “ taquing baca ” (Blanco), in Tamil “ malay-taynghie ” or “ arrooa-manopondoo,” in Telinga
“ vishaboddee,” in Bengalee “ kureta” (D rur.); and from early times, its intensely bitter root valued
as stomachic : — observed by Rheede x. pl. 53 in Malabar ; by Graham, immediately around “ Bombay,
not com m on;” by Burmann, Retz, Ainslie, Roxburgh, as far as Bengal. Farther East, by
Mason v. 479 to 519 indigenous, ancl “ the most troublesome weed in Tavoy,” affording “ a very fine
hemp” and its “ bitter” root “ deemed cordial and stomachic; ” by Loureiro, in Anam ; by Rumphius
vi. pl. 18, on Java (P ers.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, its stamens moving on being touched
with a needle. Transported to Europe, is described by Plukenet mant. x. pl. 334.
Hydnocarpus odoratus of Eastern Hindustan. A large Pangioid tree called in Silhet “ cliaul-
moogra” or “ petarkura” (Lindl.); and from early times, its seeds employed extensively in Hindustan
to cure cutaneous disorders, especially leprosy : — known to grow in Silhet and Assam (Roxb. cor.
pl. 299, Wight, and Drur.).
Chickrassia tabularis of Burmah and the mountainous country East of Bengal. A mahoganylike
tree, its timber called in Bengalee “ chikrassee,” in Tamil “ aglay marum ” (D rur.), and known
from early times : — growing on the Dindigul hills and in Chittagong, its close-grained elegantly-
veined wood much einployed by cabinet-makers, and one of the kinds called in commerce Chittagong
■zc/wY (Roxb., and Drur.) ; observed by McClelland growing “ with teak ” in Pegu (Masonv. 539).
The bark according to Lindley is powerfully astringent without bitterness.
Celastrus paniculatus of Hindustan. A woody climber called in Tamil “ valuluvy,” in Telinga
“ bavungie,” in Hindustanee “ malkunganee ” (Drur.), iu the environs of Bombay “ kangoonee ” or
“ karuug-kangoonee ” (Graham); and from early times, a black or deep-scarlet oil procured from
its seeds, used medicinally, but principally for h o rses:— observed by Graham “ common on the
Ghauts and throughout the hilly parts of the Concan,” and found by Murray “ at Mahableshwur; by
Roxburgh, Royle, Wight, and Powell, from the Punjaub and Dlieyra Dhoon to the Neilglierries,
Mysore, and the Circar mountains. The oil, according to Royle ill. 167 and antiq, hind, med., and
Malcolmson, is “ a stimulant and useful medicine,” has been found a successful remedy in “ beriberi ”
(Lindl., and Drur.).
Phyllanthus virosus of Eastern Hindu.stan. Erect, woody, with numerous ascending branches ;
and from early times, its strong astringent bark thrown into water to intoxicate fis h :— observed
by Roxburgh on mountains and in the forest (Lindl.). From transported specimens, described by
Willdenow (P ers.).
Catnrus spicijlorns of Southern Hindustan. A Euphorbiaceous shrub called in Malabar “ watta-
tali” (D rur.); and from early times employed medicinally: — observed by Rheede, Rumphius iv.
pl. 37 (Pers.), Burmann pl. 61, from Malabar to Travancore : the flowers according to Lindley “ said
to be a specific in diarrhoea and similar disorders.”
Sapium Indicum of Tropical Hindustan. A small Euphorbiaceous tree with pendulous branches
sometimes ending in thorns ; called in Bengalee “ hoorooa” (Lindl.), and from early times, its seeds
used for intoxicating fish : — observed by Rheede iv. pl. 51 in Malabar; by Nimmo, in “ various parts
in the S. Concan” (Graham), nearly as far as Bombay; by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, as far as the
“ delta of the Ganges,” its “ juice highly poisonous ” (Lindl.).
Tragia involucrata of Tropical Hindustan. A twining Euphorbiaceous annual having stinging
hairs on tlie leaves, calleci in Bengalee “ bichitee” (Lindl.), in Telinga “ doolaghondi,” in Tamil
“ canchoorie ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ kooUee ” (Graham) ; and from early times, its
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