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247 (Spreng.) ; and known to grow from Sweden to the Pyrenees, Switzerland and Carniolia (Pluk.
aim. pl. 173, Engl. bot. pl. 138, Jacq. austr. pi. 392, Scop., Pers., and A. Dec.).
M e n t h a l i r i r ì i s of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain s p e a r -m i n t or
s p i r e -m i n t from its spiry not capitate inflorescence (Prior), in France “ menthe aiguë ” (Nugent), and
termed “ menta domestica ” by .Alontigiano — (Targ.) ; “ spear-mint ” is enumerated by Josselyn among
the plants introduced by European colonists into New England ; M. viridis was observed by Clayton
167 in Virginia; by myself from 45° North of the White mountains to 40° near Philadelphia, chiefly
in wet places along roadsides; by A. Gray, in “ wet places, common” in central New Y o rk ; by
Walter, on the Santee in South Carolina; by Michaux fl. ii. 2, in moist places in Georgia and termed
“ m. tenuis ” (Pers., and Chapman). Eastward, is described by Dodoens pempt. 95 (Linn. sp. pl.),
Ray, and Dillenius, but is regarded by Watson as exotic and only naturalized (A. Dec.) ; is known
to occur seemingly wild in France, Switzerland, and Germany (Crantz, and Pers.) ; was observed by
Chaubard in cool moist places in the Peloponnesus. Clearly by European colonists was carried to
the Canaries, South America, and Austral Africa, and “ oil of spearmint” and “ spearmint water”
are employed medicinally as “ aromatic and carminative” (Lind!.): the use of the fresh leaves in
preparing drinks called “ jiilaps” is well known in North America.
“ J u ly i6 th ” (Alst.), in Germany, beginning of open war between Charles V. and the Prot-
estants.
“ The same y e a r ” (Spreng.), arrival of Petrus Belon in the East, on his visit to Constantinople
and Egypt, meeting with A r i s t o l o c h i a b a e t i c a , C a u c a l i s O r i e n t a l i s , E p h e d r a altissima.
D i o s p y r u s l o t u s of Northern China. The f a l s e l o t e - t r e e is called by the Turks “ trebison chor-
masi” ( . . . . ) ; and the “ cerasus trapezuntina ” brought from Trebizond according to Belon, — is
referred here by C. Bauhin : D. lotus was first planted at Padua by Fallopius, who supposed it to be
guaiacum (Gerarde emend.) ; was received from Constantinople through Busbecke by Matthioli
211 ; is termed “ guaiacana” by Tournefort inst. 600 ; is described also by Lobel, Cæsalpinus, Camerarius,
Dalechamp, and Pallas pl. 58 ; has become well known throughout the Mediterranean countries
(Pers.) ; was observed by Forskal p. xxvi, and Sibthorp, in gardens at Constantinople. Farther
East, by Bunge, wild on the mountains of Northern China.
C e r a s u s l a u r o c e r a s u s of the East Mediterranean countries. A c h e r r y - l a u r e l , called in Greece
“ thaphnôëithës” (Sibth.); seen by B e l o n in the East — (Spreng.), and “ in 1576” introduced from
Trebizond into Europe by Clusius — (Linn., Pers., and Daubeny) : described also by Camerarius hort.
pl. 23 ; termed “ laurocerasus ” by Tournefort inst. 628 ; observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ;
and continuing under cultivation as far as Britain, where it is called simply /««««/ (Prior). Its leaves
bark and seeds according to Lindley contain “ prussic acid, which exists in great abundance in the
distilled water : this is a deadly poison.”
M im o s a ( P r o s o p i s ) a g r e s t i s of Palestine. A twisted thorny shrub observed by Belon near Rama,
— by Sieber near Joppa (Spreng.).
T h u y a O r i e n t a l i s o f the mountains o f Mid d le and E a s t e rn A s i a . T h e C h i n e s e a r b o r - v i t c e clear ly
“ th u i a ” co n g en e r ic wi th the “ a rbre de v ie de Canad e ” was s e en by Be lo n in Crete , and apparent ly
wi ld on the T a u ru s mountains a long the E a s t e rn bo rde r o f A s i a Min o r ; — T . Or iental is is d e s c r ibed
b y L innæu s , and L am a r c k ill. pl. 787 ; and is enume rated b y C io t -B e y as planted fo r ornament in the
»ardens o f E g y p t . Ea s twa rd , was o b s e r v ed b y Lou re i ro ii. p. 580 in Co ch in ch in a ; is known to g row
fn Ch ina (P e r s . ) ; and wa s found b y T h u n b e r g in Japan, ab ound ing on mount F a k o n and cal led
“ kono te g a s s i iw a ” or “ fi no k i . ” B y E u r o p e an colonis t s, wa s car r ied to the envi rons of Bomb a y
(Graham)? and to No r th e a s t Ame r i c a , where it has b e c ome f r eq u ent in g a rdens , hardly h owe v e r
e x c e e d in g the dimens ions o f a shrub.
“ 1547 A. D.” (Steinschn. iii. 30), v a l v e s i n t h e v e i n s discovered by Amatus Lusitanus.
“ In the Sixteenth century” (Pouchet), the d i a m o n d first employed for c u t t i n g g l a s s .
“ 1548, May 15th ” (Alst., and Blair), by Charles V ., the Interim book granted to the Protestants ;
folia:*—a formula of religion to be used pending the sessions o£ the Council of Trent.
Ruta angusti
“ In this he y e a r ” (Prior), W. Turner publishing his Names of plants, enumerating published his Herbal “ in 1551,” and died “ in 1568” (Spreng.). ^
* S p a r t i n a s t r i d a of the seashore of Northern Europe, Called by Turner c o r d - g r a s s from seeing
the inhabitants of East Friesland “ make ropes of that rishe, and thache their houses also wyth the
same ” (Prior): S. stricta with “ pubescent spikes and pungent le a v e s ” is described by Roth, is
known to grow on the seashore ot France and Britain (Pers ), and was observed by Brotero as far as
Portugal (Steud. ; compare A . Dec. g. b. 1052). _ . . , , , „
L y c o p o i l i u m a l p i n u m of the mountains of middle Europe. Called in Britain h e a t h - c y f r e s s (Prior),
a name “ hethe cypres ” given by Turner pl. who found it growing among heath on mountains above
Bonn in Germany.
887
Atriplexportulaccoides oi Ihe %ea%hoxe oHaxope and the Mediterranean countries. Called in
Britain sea-purslane (Prior), a name “ see porcelline ” given by Turner pi. who found the plant on
Porbek Isle and frequent on the seashore of Friesland: — A. portulaccoides is described also by
Plukenet aim. pl. 61 ; is termed “ a. maritima angustissimo folio ” by Tournefort inst. 505 ; continues
on the seashore of Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 261, and Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
on the maritime rocks of Samos and other Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Delile, along the Mediterranean
shore of Egypt, near Rosetta and on islets within Lake Menzaleh. Aspernla arvensis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Described by Turner — (Spreng.),
and Dodoens pempt. pl. 355; termed “ gallium arvense flore cæruleo” by Tournefort inst. 115, “ a.
ciliata” by Moench, and known to occur in cultivated and especially calcareous soil in middle Europe
(Pers.) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the
Greek islands. Has recently made its appearance in Britain, in three widely-separated localities
(Wats., and A. Dec.).
“ September,” Cieza de Leon Ixviii. passing through the valley of Pacasmayu to join soldiers from
Popayan on their way to Truxillo, Lima, and Xauxa, to chastise the rebellion. — “ In IS49,” he proceeded
as far as the silver-yielding province of Charchas ; and returning to Lima, “ finished writing
his notes on the 8th of September 1550, and sailed for Spain; ” where he died “ about 1560” (Markham
introd. p. ix.).
“ In this y e a r ” (Markham edit. p. 227), after holding the office of bishop of Lima eight years,
Fray Gerónimo Loayza now “ the first archbishop.” — He held three autos-de-fe at Lima, in one of
which John Millar of Flanders was burned as a Lutheran, prior to the introduction of the Inquisition
“ in 15 6 9 :” at the first auto-de-fé under the Inquisition “ in 1573,” a Frenchman was burned as a
heretic, Loayza dying “ in JS75-”
“ The same y e a r ” (Hakluyt iii. 131, and Holmes), the first act of the English parliament relating
to America, Prohibiting exactions from fishermen visiting Newfoundland. Sebastian Cabot, returning
in tliis jæar to England, urged the possibility of a Northeast Passage ; giving rise to the commercial
association of “ Merchant Adventurers,” and the freeing of English commerce from the yoke
of the Planse Towns. — The association continues in existence (Asher edit. Huds.).
“ 1549 A. D .” (Univ. hist, xxxix. 217, and Holmes), the city of Bahia or St. Salvador founded
by the Portuguese : being “ the first European settlement in Brazil.” Joannes Stadius anchored “ in
this year ” at St. Catharine, — and “ in T554,” left the harbour of “ Rio de leñero,” called “ Ganabara ”
by the natives (De Bry).
A s early as this year, Lucas Ghini corresponding with Matthioli. — He died “ in 1556” (Spreng.).
“ August 15 th ” (art de verif., and Thunb. trav. iv. 30), arrival in Japan of the first Christfan
missionary, the jesuit François Xavier; bringing three Japanese, whom he had converted at Goa.
“ 1550, February” (A ls t ) , in France, edict of Henri IL, Against judges who should be too remiss
in convicting persons of Protestantism.
In or about this year (Neal, and Holmes), refusal pf bishop Hooper “ to be consecrated in the
popish habits : ” the beginning of the controversy that ied to the Puritan separation from the Church
of England.
“ April 22d” (Schmied. p. xii), letter from Gesner to his friend Io. Kentmann.
“ In this y e a r ” (biogr. univers.) Adam Lonicer publishing botanical writings, enumerating . . . .
— His Stirp. Plistor. is quoted by Matthioli comm. 1 0 8 , his Krauterbuch was published “ in 1 5 7 3 ”
(Spreng.), and he died “ in 1 5 8 6 . ”
“ in this year, one year more or less ” (G. de la Vega ix. 1 7 ) , the ox-plough introduced at Cuzco,
G. de la Vega * at this time a boy being present: the natives flocking from all quarters to witness
the novel spectacle, and concluding, “ That the Spaniards were too idle to work, and that they forced
those great animals to do their work for them.”
* A noua cherimolia of Peru. The chirimoya: the
“ fruit in the country of the Antis ” called by
colour and taste,” of “ the size of a small
are not good to e a t ” contained in a “ highly
as to increase its luscious flavour,” — may be
pl. 17, and myself, under cultivation in Peru;
ravines towards the Equator. By European
(Humb. and Bonpl.) ; to Brazil (Mart.) and
Islands and Guinea (fl. Nigr., and A. Dec.) ;
the Spaniards “ maiijar bianco” from resemblance “ in
melon,” having within “ some small black pips which
esteemed” pulp, “ sweet and just the least bit acid, so
compared: A. cherimolia was observed by Feuillee iii.
but is indigenous I was assured by Mr. Matthews in
colonists, was carried to Venezuela and New Granada
the mountains of Jamaica (Macfad.) ; to the Cape Verd
and “ in 1833” to the environs of Bombay (Graham).
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