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and the “ aspalathôs ” with which kings are chastised in Hades — (Plat. leg. 10) is referred here by
Sprengel : the aspalathôs ëtërôn ” is distinguished by Dioscorides as white and scentless and inferior
in quality; G. hórrida was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent on mountains
from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the “ frutex humilior” is further
described by Pliny xxiv. 69 as growing in many places but “ non ubique odoratus ; ” G. hórrida is
termed “ genista-spartium minus saxatile aculéis horridum” by Tournefort inst. 645 ; was observed
by Villars in Southern France, and is known to grow as far as S p in (Pers.).
“ 535 B. C .” (Suid , and Clint.) in Greece, tragedy first exhibited by Thespis.
IHptisportilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water purslane
(Prior), in Greece “ anthraklëitha” or “ anthrahnë ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the A/VAPAXA'H
herb habitually used by Thespis — (Suid.), the salted “ anthrahnë pôtamic ” of Polemon diaet. ii.
25, and the “ anthrahnë” mentioned by Theophrastus vii. i. 2 as cultivated, by Dioscorides as esculent,
and by pseudo-Aristot. color. 5 as turning red in ripening: P. portala was observed by Sibthorp
abounding in moist cultivated ground around Athens, and eaten in .salads. Westward, the “ andrachne”
herb is identified by Pliny xiii. 40 and xx. 81 with the “ portulacae ” or “ porcilaca” mixed
in salads “ inacetariis sum ta ;” the “ portulaca” is mentioned also by Varrò iv. 28, and Columella
X. 356; P. portula is termed “ glaux palustris flore striato clauso foliis portulacæ ” by Tournefort
inst. 88, is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 64, and Pers.).
Hardly earlier than this dale (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Benll.), Satya reigning in
Hindustan.
One hundred and thirteenth generation. Sept. tst, 534, mostly beyond youth : the poet Phocy-
lides (writing in Greek but a Jew according to Bernays, note in Steinschn. i. 2) ; the Greek poets,
Melanippides, Telesilla of Argos, and Lasus of Hermione ; Choerilus the tragic poet ; Theagenes of
Rhegium (who wrote on Homer) ; the historians, Eugeon of Samos, Polyzelus, Deiochus of Procon-
nesus, Eudemus of Paros, Democles, Acusilaus, and Amelesagoras of Chalcedon.
“ The same y e a r ” ( = 509- j - “ 25 yrs,” Sm. b. d.), Servius Tullius succeeded by Tarquinius
Superbus seventh and last king of Rome. In whose reign, Petronius Sabinus is said to have obtained
from M. Tullius or M. Atilius the Sibylline books to take a copy of them (Val. Max i. i. 14, and
Dionys. iv. 62).
Teclona grandis of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. The teak tree is called in the environs
of Bombay “ saag ” (Graham), in Bengalee “ segoon,” in Telinga “ teka,” in Tamil “ thaikoo marum ”
(Drury) ; in which we recognize the material of which ships were built at Tyle at the entrance to
the Persian Gulf — that continued sailing “ more than two hundred y e a r s ” to the time of Theophrastus
v. 6 ; T. grandis was observed by Rheede iv. pl. 27 in Malabar ; by Graham, “ in considerable
abundance in the forests ” along the Taptee “ and in various parts of the ” Concans ; by myself,
a fine large forest-tree frequent in the Concans or lower country along the sea; is known to grow
from Goojerat to the end of the peninsula, and as far as Rajahmundry on the Eastern coast (Roxb.
cor. i. pl. 6, and Drury) ; was observed by Mason v. p. 525 abounding in Burmah and called “ kywon,”
furnishing “ the staple timber” of the country ; and is known to grow as far as Java (Rumph. iii. pl.
18, and p/rs.). Westward, a tradition is mentioned by Eutychius of Alexandria that “ saj ” timber
was employed for building the ark (Smith bibl. diet.) ; the ‘i sadj ” is mentioned also by Edrisi, Ebn
Baitar; and is described by Forskal p. Ivi as an incorruptible kind of wood imported from Hindustan
for the keel of Egyptian vessels.
“ In the second half of the Sixth century B. C .” (Mason i. 2), founding by Budhists of the seaport
city of Rangoon in Burmah.*
* Pterospermum aceroides or “ tha ma jam wai-soke,” and P. subacerifoUum or “ na-jee,” both
of Burmah.— In company with P . acerifoliutn “ growing with teak in all the forests,” attaining
according to McClelland the girth of ten or twelve feet and a lofty height, the timber extremely valuable
and strong as either teak or oak (Mason v. 536).
Grewia ia-yau of Burmah. A small Tiliaceous tree, from early times furnishing spars to vessels
at T a v o y : — observed by Mason v. 537 growing “ on the sea-board.”
Berrya ammonilla of Burmah. A Tiliaceous tree, its light strong timber valued from early
tim es,— and known in commerce as Trincomalee wood: growing according to Heifer on King’s
Island, opposite Mergui (Mason v. 537). Westward, is described by Roxburgh.
Vatica koung-mu of Burmah. The largest Dipterocarpous tree in the country, from early times
used for making'large boats, — but yielding “ no oil,” and “ its places of growth are usually of difficult
access by water ; ” according to O’Riley, the wood is also “ well adapted for spars for vessels ” (Mason
v. 528 to 757).
Aglaia spectabilis of Burmah. An Aurantiaceous tree, its light serviceable timber known from
early times: — observed by McClelland (Mason v. 539).
I
“ 532 B. C .” ( . . . . Sm. b. d.), supreme authority at Samos acquired by Polycrates.
“ The same y e a r ” (Clint, i. p. 234, see also Herodot. i. 67, and Strab. vi. i. t), on the Italian
coast not far from Paestum, the city of Hyela or Elea or Velia founded by Phocaean Greeks.
“ S3!, June loth = f i r s t day of the Seventh month in the 24th year of King-wang” (Khoung-tseu,
Gaubil, and Pauth. p. 108), eclipse o f the sun.
“ 530 B. C.” (Athen. i. p. 3, and Clint, i. p. 372), a library founded by Polycrates king of Samos.
Pythagoras after receiving instruction in Egypt from Onnuphis of Heliopolis (Leps. eg. and sin. p. 386),
now at the age of “ forty ” quitting Samos (Aristoxen., lamblich.; and Porph.); all accounts make
him contemporary with Polycrates and Tarquinius Superbus (Sm. biogr. diet).
Anemone coronaria of the East Mediterranean countries. The garden anemony is called in Italy
“ anemone” or “ anemolo” (Lenz), in Greece “ paparöuna” (Sibth.), in Arabic “ schkiak naman”
(Camus, and Spreng.) ; in which we recognize the “ anömöne” identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
“ knikos a g r ia ” of the prophets, AT PAK T YA Ig of Pythagoras, — and “ verulios” or “ örniös
köraniös ” of Osthanes : the “ anömöne ” is mentioned also by Pherecrates, Theophrastus, Theocritus,
Bion, Moschus, Athenaeus vi. p. 268, is prescribed in i Morb. mul. 598, and the “ anämöne emSrös ”
according to Dioscorides has either red, pale, milk-white, or purple flowers : A. coronaria with flowers
appearing in March and either scarlet, white, violet, or blue, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, frequent on dry hills from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece. Westward, the “ anömöne ”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ höuphphöis of the Numidians, and “ orki tounikam ” of the
Romans ; the “ anemone ” of cultivated ground, flowering only when the wind blows, is mentioned by
Pliny xxi. 94 : A. coronaria is described by Dodoens pi. 434 nnd 435, Lobel pl. 277 ; is termed
“ peregrinum ” by Caesalpinus x iv .‘ 9, “ a, tenuifolia ” by Tournefort inst. 278; was carried according
to Clusius from Italy to Spain; has become naturalized in Italy, Sicily, Algeria, Sardinia, and Southern
France (Munby, Moris, and A. Dec.) ; and is cultivated for ornament throughout middle Europe
(Pers ). Is according to Christison, and Lindley, “ among the most active of the poisonous species.”
0 e e Parietaria officinalis).
Anemone stellata of the Mediterranean countries. Also called in Italy “ anemone ” or “ anemolo,”
but distinguished as “ fiore ste lla” (Lenz), in Greece “ agria paparöuna” (Sibth.) ; in which we
recognize the “ agria anSmöne,” included through Syn. Diosc. in the “ atraktulis ” of Pythagoras, —
and described by Dioscorides as larger with harder and broader leaves, and from its red flower confounded
with “ argömönen” and roiatha m e k ön a :” the “ anömöne löimönia” enumerated among
vernal plants by Theophrastus vi. 8. i, may also be compared; A. stellata was observed by Sibthorp,
Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece, the flowers in Spring giving a
bloody tinge in tracts. Westward, the account of the “ silvestris anemone ” by Pliny xxi. 94 seems
chiefly taken from Dioscorides : A. stellata is described by Dodoens pl. 434; is termed “ a. latifoha
simplici carneo flore ” by Tournefort inst. 276 ; is known to grow wild in Italy and Switzerland (Pers.),
Calophyllum longifolium of the Siamese countries. A tree called in Burmah “ tha-ra-bee”
(Mason), and from early times used for spars ; — observed by Mason v. 534.
Garcima pa-ra-wa of Burmah. A Calophylloid tree, the largest of its genus, its timber from
early times valued by the natives : — observed by Mason v. 534.
Walsurapiscidia of Burmah. A large Meliaceous tree, its heavy and strong timber from early
times familiarly known: — according to McClelland abundant in Pegu (Mason v. 539)-
Connarus speciosns of Burmah. A large tree, its heavy and strong timber from early times
familiarly known ; — observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 532, its “ remarkably bright scarlet pod ”
“ often seen in the jungles.”
Elaodendron integrifolium of Burmah. A Celastroid tree called “ k so u k ” (Mason), and its
strong timber from early times familiarly k n ow n :— observed by McClelland, and Mason v. 544.
Described also by Trattinick (Steud.).
Canarium geniculalum of Burmah. A large Terebinthoid tree, its timber valued from early
times : — growing according to McClelland in the Pegu valley (Mason v. 539).
Acacia elata of Burmah. A large tree, its timber from early times familiarly known ; — observed
by McClelland, described also by Graham (Mason v. 529).
Terminalia violata of Burmah. A Combretaceous tree called “ lai-bwai ” (Mason), its timber
— useful, as in all the species known to Mason v. 533.
Conocarpus robustus of Burmah. A very large Combretaceous tree, its strong timber from early
times familiarly known : — growing according to McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 541)-
Tectona ternifolia of Burmah. An inferior species of teak called “ ta-hat,” and from early
times familiarly k n ow n :— growing “ on the banks of the Irawaddy,” described also by Buchanan
(Mason v. 526).
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