Mi!'
“ May loth, 15 7 1 ” (Stanley edit. De Morga 18 and 368), Manila, a large town “ fortfred with
palms, and thick arigues filled in with earth, and a great quantity of bronze cannon, and other larger
# c e s vvith chamber?” captured by a force sent by Legazpi from Panay. A rew £ 0 0 " " #
founded on the site o fth e old one, presented “ for that purpose” by the local chief Rajamora the
neiohbourino- chiefs gave in their submission, and the Spanish conquest of the I hihppines was soon
#m p le ted .# L eg azp 1 died “ Aug. 20th, i 57Y ” and was succeeded by Guido de Lartzarris, named
in a sealed despatch “ from the high court of Mexico” found among the papers of the deceased.
“ Oct. 7th ” (Blair), at Lepanto, the Turks defeated in naval combat by forces undei Don John
of Sunday” (Alst,, and Blair), in Paris and other places in France, massacre of
some thonèandè of Protestants ; Charles IX. reigning. ^ f nml-e in
Darien harbour, and two trains of mules laden with gold and silver mtercepted - The
of Drake and the English “ buccaneers,” are to this day remembered along the Western coast o
“ T h e s a m e y e a r ” (Haki. iii. 525 to 779, Pu-cD, and Holmes), landing of Francis Drake in
^“ “ ‘ “ iffifo i/ y e a r ” (Markham edit. p. 390), Potosi visited by the riceroy Francisco de Toledo
Who introduced the use of quicksilver, and caused a census to be taken of the natives throughout
Peru “ between the ages of eighteen and fifty : ” they numbered “ 1,677,697. , „ „„o-nitnde
“ In this year ” (Humb. cosm. ii.), sudden appearance ot a star of more than the first magnitude
in the constellation Cassiopea, The star soon disappeared. , .
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng.), loannes Fragosus of Toledo publishing his Diseurs.
“ 1573 A. D . = ‘ v v e n - l i ' , ’ i s t y e a r o f ” C h i n - t s o u n g II. o r “ C h i n - t s o u n g - h i e n - t i , o f t h e Mmg o r
Twentv-third dynasty (Chinese chron table). _
“ In Astraiialus this year ”coluteoides, +- (Spreng.), A. Rauwolf christianus,visiting A. Syria densifolins.and part Tragopogón of Persia, meeting lanatus wifo Inula among tuberosa,other
plants clmpanuloides. Acanthus Dioscoridis,Aristoloclna
M i c h a u x i a Calla Orientalis.-Ho “ rausut” and “ rumigi” and "^'"^^“ arum EEdeliETturneforiii Carsaami ” returned in “ 1576,” published his travels in 1583, of the Tauro-Caspian countries. The “ silybum” of Rauwolf 74 — >s
referred here by Sprengel : G. Tournefortii was also observed m the East by Tournefort voy. 11. pl.
108 ; and transported to Europe, is described by Miller, and Lmnæus. _
“ In this y e a r ” (Barcia 3, Biogr. univers., and Spreng.), Martinus del Barco visiting Paraguay.
— His account was continued “ to 1581.”Passifiora ccerulea ., , , tu „loi of Brazil. A passion-flower observed and described by Martinus del Barco
- (Spreng.), and known to grow wild in Brazil (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by
Miller pl. Linnæus, and Cavanilles pl. 295 ; vvas observed by Forskal, Delile, and Ciot-Bey, in the
g a r d e n t o f Egypt, called there “ sjerk el fælak ; ” and apparently the same species by For.skal m
of Mexico, the West Indies, and Peru. An herb obsreved red described
by Martinus del Barco,* — according to Sprengel: known to grovv as far as the West Indies ( J .q .
ic iii pl 5.4). Transported to Europe, is described by Blackwell p l 579, and Lmnæus. Its root
one of the kinds of contrayerva of commerce, is employed medicinally for its “ stimulant sudorific and
tonic qualities” (Guibourt, Mart., and Lindl.). .fooribi,
“ 1574 A. D.” (a r td e verif.), Selim IL succeeded by Amurath I II. or Murad IIL , fouiteenth
Turkish sultan. Coins of Miirad I II . issued at Cairo, are figured in Marcel p. 202
Robbers becoming numerous among the population of Egypt, the pasha sent by Min ad I II . ,s
said to have d e c a p i t a t e d n o t l e s s t h a n “ t e n thousand ” (Marcel p. 200). ^ r w ^ a
- I n this y e a r ” (Smith ed. fl. lapp.), Simler publishing his Description of Vallesia and the
In this y e a r ” (inscr. date), letter to the pope from N icol Monardes, at this time printing his
* D u r s t e n i a B r a z i l i e n s i s of the West Indies and Brazil. Called in Brazil “ caa-apia ” (Ma r£ .),
and probably the species seen by Martinus del Barco : - observed in Brazil by
by Martius, in the mountainous parts of S. Paulo red Mmas, used agains the bite of #
for other medicinal purposes, frequently confounded w i t h but superior to all ofoer u salOTa y
value, although unknown as an article of commerce; by Swartz 275, as far Noith as
‘ o p , f e r a of Brazil. Possibly the species in question : - D. opifera, Rowing in Braal
is described by Martius as a third kind of c o n t r a y e r v a , more farinaceous than the others (Linai.
See D. Drakena).
9 0 1
botanical work, enumerating, J a t r o p h a m u l t i f i d a 334, C o n v o l v u l u s m e c h o a c a n h a 334. — The Second
part contains a letter from Peru bearing the date of 1578.
T r n p c e o l u m m a j u s of Peru. The g a r d e n n a s t u r t i u m , called in Egypt “ tortour el-bachah”
( . . . . ) , described by Monardes 34S — (Spreng.), and “ in 1684” introduced into Europe (Pers.);
termed “ cardaniindum majus ” by Moench ; and observed by Delile, and Ciot-Bey, in the gardens of
Egypt. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation
for ornament and its capsules pickled ; also to Hindustan, observed by Graham in “ gardens”
at Bombay.
H y m e n c e a c o u r b a , i l of Tropical America. From transported specimens described by Monardes
297 — (Spreng.), C. Bauhin pin. 404, and Plukenet aim. pi. 82. Westward, was observed by Macfadyen
a large forest-tree frequent on Jamaica; is known to grow also in Brazil, where the transparent
resin exuding between the principal roots is called “ ja tch y ” or “ jatah y ” or in Minas Geraes
“ jatoba,” is used medicinilly and for various kinds of varnish (Martius, and Lindl.), and is exported
under the name of A m e r i c a n g u m a n im i (Descourt., and Mason). By European colonists, the living
tree has recently been introduced into Hindustan (Graham), and Burmah (Mason v. 486).
S m i l a x M a u r i t i a n a of the West Mediterranean countries. Monardes thinks that the raz-r«/«-
r i l l a of Spain, which is the root of “ smilax aspera,” possesses the same properties as that from
M e x ic o :— Alpinus ascertained that a portion of the sarsaparilla of commerce was produced in the
Mediterranean countries ; and the kind most esteemed in Egypt was found by Forskal mat. med. to
come “ from B a rb a ry :” S. Mauritiana is described by Duhamel, and Poiret; and was observed in
Barbary by Desfontaines ii. 367 (Pers.).
“ 1575 A. D.” (Alsf., and Blair), founding of the University at Leyden ; Janus Dousa made the
first rector.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckler), Lorenzo Perez, an apothecary of Toledo, publishing
De la Teriaca.— His Medicament, was published “ in 1599.”
“ 1576, M a y ” (Blair), signing of the edict of Pacification. Followed in France by a League of
the Catholics, against Henri I I I . and the Protestants.*
“ In this y e a r ” (Humb. cosm. ii.), the inclinometer or dipping needle invented in England by
Robert Norman.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckler), Lobel publishing his Hist. Stirp., enumerating “ llgus-
ticum alterum Belgarum” hist. 457 P h y s o s p e r m u m C o m iu b i e n s e , “ dentaria maxima Brancionis” hist.
422 L i g u s t i c u m a t h a m a n t h o i d e s .
H y p o c h oe r i s r a d i c a i a of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Termed “ hieracium longius
radicatum ” by Lobel hist. 120, — “ costole d’asino ” by Caesalpinus (Targ.), “ hieracium dentis leonis
folio obtuso majus ” by C. Bauhin pin. 127, and Tournefort inst. 420, and known to grow from Sweden
throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 150, Curt. lond. iii. pl. 52, and Pers.) : observed by Rosen,
and Linnæus in Sweden, as far as Scania ; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople.
“ The same y e a r ” (Haki., and Churchill coll.), under instructions from queen Elizabeth, Martin
Forbisher seeking a Northwest passage, discovered a Strait in “ sixty-three degrees and eight minutes
latitude ; ” the same that has received his name. After penetrating many leagues, he was prevented
by ice ; but had interviews with the natives ; and some of his company landing, procured flowers and
specimens of a black mineral
“ The same y e a r ” (Steinschneid. iii.+7), by Moses ben Elia Pobian, the Bible translated from
the Hebrew into Modern Greek.
“ In this y e a r ” (Spreng., and Winckler), Clusius publishing his Rar. Stirp. Hispan., enumerating
“ candilera ” P h l o m i s l y c h n i t i s 378, I x i a b u lb o c o d i u n , hisp. 259, I r i s s c o r p i o id e s hisp. 274, “ sisyrinchium”
hisp. 2S1 M o r a e a s i s y r i n c h i u n i , “ juncaria Salmanticensis ” hisp. 503 O r i e g i a H i s p á n i c o ,
* P s o r a l e a A m e r i c a n a of Madeira. An i t c h - t r e f o i l , transported to Europe, described by Lobel
hist. ii. pl. 31, — Linnæus, and Jacquin schoenb. ii. pl. 227. Westward, known to grow wild on
Madeira (Pers.) ; observed there by myself.
C e r e u s P e r u v i a n u s of Jamaica. A columnar c a c t u s , thirty to forty feet high, transported to
Europe termed “ euphorbii arbor” by Lobel hist. ii. 25 — (Spreng.), described also by Linnæus.
Westward, according to Persoon, grows wild on Jamaica.
T i l l a n d s i a u l r i c n l a t a of the West Indies. An a i r - p l a n t two to three feet high, transported to
Europe, termed “ peruviana alia aloes facie ” by Lobel hist. li. 204 — (Spreng.) ; described also by
Linnæus. Westward, was observed by P. Browne 194 on Jamaica ; by Leconte, and N. .A. Ware, as
far North as “ 28° ” in Florida, the dilated bases of its “ leaves form a kind of cup which commonly
contains a considerable quantity of water” (Chapman).
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