846 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
As early perhaps as this year (Dutch mem. emb., and Stanley edit. De Morga 18), the Chinese
expelled from the Philippines by the natives. —They continued however to come in their ships and
trade. As early as this year, Nicolaus Leonicenus writing. — He is mentioned oy Hermolaus Barbarus,
and died in his hundredth ye.ir “ in 1524” (Spreng.).
Amm ania verticillata of Equatorial Africa. The “ corneóla” seen by Leonicenus near Ferrara,
used for dyeing green, and supposed by him to be the “ lysimachia,” —^may be compared with the
“ Cornelia verticillata” seen in Italy by Arduino ii. pi. i, and referred here by Lamarck pl. 77.
“ A. Ægyptiaca” of Willdenow hort. berol. i. 6, observed by Delile pl. 15 in the rice grounds of
Egypt, may also be compared.
“ 1489 A. D.” (Alst.), end of the chronicle of Matthias Palmerius. Hermolaus Barbarus writing.
— He published his castig. Plin. “ in 1492,” and died “ in 1493.”
Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) moschatus of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Tagalo “ castoli” or
“ castio castiogan ” or “ dalupan,” in Pampango “ castocastolian,” in Bisaya “ ducum ” or “ maricum ”
or “ maropoto ” or “ sapinit” (Blanco), in Burmah “ ba-lu-wa” (Mttson), in Tamil “ kathe-kasturi ” or
“ kasturi-venday,” in Telinga “ kasturi-benda,” in Bengali “ mushak-dana,” on the Deccan “ mushk-
bhendi ” (Drur,), in Egypt “ hab el-mosk,” musk grains: the “ rosam moscheuton” of Hermolaus
Barbarus — may be compared ; A. moschatus was observed by Alpinus, and Delile, in the gardens of
Egypt ; and according to Lindley, the “ musky seeds ” are “ considered cordial and stomachic and by
the Arabs mixed with coffee.” Eastward, A. moschatus was observed in Hindustan by Rheede ii. pl.
38, Ro.xburgh, Wight, and by Graham “ in gardens pretty common.” Farther East, is described by
Mason v. 418 and 505 as one of the “ most common indigenous plants ” in Burmah, its seeds “ said to
be an antidote to snake bites,” and the mucilage used in clarifying sugar ; was observed by Blanco
in the Philippines, its seeds used medicinally by the natives. By European colonists, was carried to
the West Indies (Cav. iii, pi. 62, and Pers.).
/«/ra of the West Mediterranean countries. The “ euphrasia ” is described by Her-
molaus coroll. iii. 10 as having “ luteolos ” yellowish flowers — (Fuch. 91); E. lutea is described by
Morison iii. pl. 24 ; is termed “ e. laevis ” by Gatereau ; was observed by Crantz. and Jacquin pl. 398,
in Austria; and is known to grow in arid mountainous situations in other parts of Southern Europe
and in Barbary, the flowers yellow (Pers.).
Gypsophila? saxifraga of middle Europe. The “ florem gariofillum ” by some according to
Hermolaus enumerated among “ saxifragias,” — may be compared : G. saxifraga is termed “ dianthus
sa,xifragus ” by Linnæus, “ tunica saxifraga” by Scopoli ; and is known to grow in France, Switzerland,
and Austria (Cav., Pers., and Steud.).
“ 1490 A. D.” (=2Óth year of Tsutsi-Mikaddo, ann. Jap. transl. Tits., and art de verif.), death
of Josijmassa, cubo of Japan.
As early probably as this year, islands discovered by the Japanese navigator Osaska-wara. They
proved uninhabited and received the name of “ Mou-nin ” (Bonin) Islands. Among the productions,
the tree called “ nan-kin-faze (Croton sebiferum)," the “ arbre de cire” ( . . . . ) , trees too large fora
man to clasp and very lofty with the wood hard and fine ( . . . . ) , lofty trees resembling the “ siou-
ro (tsoung-liu or Chamcerops excelsa)," the tree whose nuts are called in Chinese “ pe-louan-tsu ”
( . . . . ) , the “ katsiran” ( . . . . ) , “ bois de sandal rouge” ( . . . . ) , the “ fou-mou” ( . . . . ) ,
the “ camphrier ” ( . . . . ) , “ figues caques ” of the mountains (Ficus . . . . ) , lofty trees with leaves
resembling those of the “ lierre” (Aleurites triloba?), “ cannelliers ” (Cinnamomum . . . . ) , and
“ mm'xexs" (Broussonetia papyrifera), and among more humble plants the “ Smilax china” called
“ san-ki-rei” (Sm ilax . . . . ) , the “ to-ki” ( . . . . ) , and a medicinal herb called “ assa-ghiou-kwa ”
( . . . . ), — are enumerated in the San-kokf (transl. Klapr.). As a penal colony was established by
the Japanese on these islands, the “ cocotiers ” (Cocos nucifera) and “ arbre qui porte I’areca ” (Areca
catechu) may have been subsequently introduced. According to Kaempfer i. 4, the giant crab “ four
to six feet long” occurs around these islands.
“ A few years before the” Spanish conquest (De Morga 307), “ a few natives of the island of
Borneo began to come with their trade to ” Luzon, — “ especially to the towns of Manila and Tondo ;
and the people of the two islands intermarried : ” the Borneo people were “ Mussulmans,” and “ were
introducing their sect amongst these natives, giving them sliort prayers and ceremonies and forms to
be observed, by means of some gazizes whom they brought with them ; and already many, and the
greatest chiefs, were beginning (although by piecemeal) to become Muslims, circumcising themselves,
and taking Muslim names.”
“ In this year” (Humb. cosm. iv.). a ra;««/observed in Mexico, and recorded in a manuscript
written (or painted) “ at least a quarter of a century before the arrival of the Spaniards.” 'Ihe
same comet is “ mentioned as having been observed in December of that year only in the Chinese
comet-register.”
“ In this year” (Galvan.), by John II. of Portugal, Gonzalo de Sousa sent with three ships to
convey “ home the ambassadeur of Congo.” On their arrival, the king of Congo was “ very glad,”
and “ yeelded himselfe and the greater part of his realme to be baptized.” ^ *
“ 1491 A. D.” (Blair), the study of the Greek language brought into England by William Grocym
“ 1492, Aug. nth” (Alst., and Nicoh), Innocentius V III. succeeded by cardinal Roderic Borgia,
now Alexander V I,, sixtieth pope, James IV. ruling Scotland. . . ,
Linum catharticum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called m Britain purging
flax ox fa iry fla x or d w a rf fla x or mill-mountain from “ chamælinum montanum” and the Greek
“ hamailinon ”—(Prior) ; L. catharticum is termed “ 1. pratense foliis exiguis ” by Tournefort 111st.
340; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as faras BritMn (Blackw. pl. 368, and Pers.).
Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp in the environs of Constantinople. The plant according to
Lindley is “ powerfully, but as it seems, not dangerously cathartic.” „ .
Spewmla arvensis of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Germany “ spark (Gneb), in
France “ spurrie” (Cotgrave) or “ espargoutte,” in BxMm spurry,^—from which word accorchng to
Lyte i. 38 the Latin “ spergula” was formed (Prior) : S. arvensis is described by Cornelius Petrus
(Spreng.), and Dodoens 537 ; is termed “ alsine spergula dicta major ” by Tournefort mst. 243 ; was
observecl by De.sfontaines in Barbary ; and is known to occur as a weed throughout micldle and
Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 1033, Hook., and Wats.). EasUvard,
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Creia and
Constantinople ; is known to occur also in Siberia, as far as the Altaian mountains and the iiver
Yenisei (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried to Madeira (Lem., and A. Dec.) ; to Uorth-
east America, where it continues a weed in grain-fields as far even as the Assiniboin and Columbia
rivers (Hook.) ; to Austral Africa (Drège) ; and to Ceylon, where it was observed by Gardner naturalized
in one locality on the mountains. ^ ^ n •
Sagittaria sagittifolia of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain arrow head^ /
France'“ flèche d’eau” (Nugent), in Germany “ pfeilkraut,” in Northern Italy “ siettaria (Lenz)
and known from early times : —termed “ sagitta aquatica major latifolia” by C. Bauhin pm 194, ancl
though unknown in Greece proper, was found by Grisebach in Thrace; by Hohen, and Ledebour, as
far East as Lenkoran and the Altaian mountains ; by Gmelin, from the Irtisch to Kreitchatka.
Westward, seems unknown in Barbary, Sicily, and Southern Italy (A. Dec.) ; bnt was obserred m
Northern Italy by Scopoli, and Lenz ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; and is known to grow as far as
Lapland (Linn.), Finland and Gasan in Russia (Lam. fl. fr.. Fries, and Wirtz). ^
Turritis glabra of Northern climates. Called tower-mustard from the tapering inflorescence
something in the form of a Dutch spire - (Lobel kruydb. p. 262, and Prior) ; drecrib^ also by
Thalius 16 (Spreng.); termed “ t. foliis inferioribus cichoraceis cæteris perfoliatæ by lournetort
inst. 224; ancl known to grow throughout middle ancl Northern Europe as far as Sweden (flor. Dan.
pl. 809, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 47, and Pers.). Eastward, observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on the
mountains of Greece; and known to grow in Northern Asia (Wats.). Farther East, observedby
Mertens at Norfolk Sound on the American coast ; occurring also from the Rocky mountains to£uci-
son’s Bay and as far North as Lat. 64° (Hook.) ; and along the Atlantic as far South as LOT 42 •
Arabis hirsuta of Northern climates. Known to European writers as early probably as this
date; — described by Bauhin prodr. pl. 42, Linnæus, and Jacquin rar. pl. 126; and kimwn to grow
wild throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden and Ireland (Pers., and Wats.). Eastward,
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, ihfohady situations in Southern Greece and in the environ.s of
Constantinople ; and by Thunberg, in Japan and called “ inn nassuna,” naturalized nassuiia. Farther
East, observed by Chamisso on the opposite American coast at Unalascha; known to grow at the
mouth of the Columbia, on the Rocky mountains, at Hudson’s Bay, and from as far North >£•
68“ (Hook.) throughout Canada to our Northern States, the Alleghanies, and even Kentucky (Short,
A. Gray, and Chapm.). , , Melampyrum arvense of the Caucasian countries ? Known as a weed in middle Europe as earty
probably as this date ; - described by Clusius, and Bauhin ; termed “m. purpurascente coma by
* C«//«/«/««/;«> of Northern climates. An Aroid growing in wet ground, and the “ arona”
figured in the edition of Ortus Sanitatis for 1491 i.s referred here by Pritzel thes. — C pOTustris was
observed by Fuchsius pl. 844 in Germany; by Decandolle, in Alsace on the Rhine ; by Lmnæus, m
Lapland, and bread prepared from its root highly esteemed and called “ missebroed ” (LincllO ; by
Gmelin, groving througliout Siberia. Westward, was not found by Lapylaie in Newfoundland, but
has been observed by Michaux in Canada; by myself, from 48° on the Lower St. Lawrmce to 42
along the Atlantic ; by Torrey, as far as 41° ; by Pursh, from Canada to Pennsylvania ; by Drummond,
at 54“ near Fort Cumberland ; and was received by A. Gray from Wisconsin.
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