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500 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
He removed the sw ord* of Amateraszu “ to the temple of Atsuta, Owarl, — where but IS never shown ” (Jap. c. c.). it still remains ’
“ Other almost equally ancient swords — are preserved in various places, but sword makin» in
Japan is ot comparatively much more recent origin ” (Jap. c. c.).
“ 74 A. D .” (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, censors appointed for the last time.
Eumarid officinalis of middle and Eastern Asia ? Called in Britain earth-smoke or fumitorv
by Treveris gr. herb. 171 “ fume or smoke of the earth,” in the Ortus sanitatis 176 “ fumus terrae
m France “ fume-terre” (Prior), in Italy “ fumosterno ” or “ fumaria” (Lenz), in Greece “ kapnia’”
(Sibth.), in which we recognize the *OYMAPI A of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the
0 0 0 ' ft ft* KAHNOC among barley:— the “ capnos” growing in gardens and barley fields
ot I hny X X V . 99, may also be compared: F. officinalis is described by Brunfels i. 99; is termed “ f.
officinarum ” by Tournefort inst. 422 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur
in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe (Curt. Iond. ii. pl. 52, and Pers.). Eastward was
observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in vineyards and waste ground throughout Greece and
the Greek islands : by Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt and called “ sjætaredj,” in which we reco»nize
the “ shahtarraj ” of Ebn Masawia, Ebn Amran, Elisraeli, Rhazes, Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar ■ “ a / a ”
and “ syrupus fumariæ ” are besides enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as employed medicinally in
Egypt; and F. officinalis was observed by him in the higher mountain-region of Yemen and called
“ summina.” ^ Farther East, was observed by Thunberg frequent everywhere in Japan and called
karas no nm sin” or “ fingosakf.” By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America
where it has become a weed in waste and cultivated ground. The juice according to Lindley “ was’
lFo.r mcaeprrlye oaladtma.i)n istered in cutaneous diseases and obstructions of the liver.” v( See F rparviflora and
Geranium pratense of Europe and tlie adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain crowfoot
c r a n e s b t i l T T T 6 P A N O H 0 A I O N of Syn. Diosc. iii. ,04 - (mistaken for Agrostemma
coronaria?), may be compared : G. pratense was observed by Sibthorp around Constantinople - and
IS known to grow as far as Northern Japan (Sieb.). Westward, is termed “ g. batrachioides »ratia
D ei Germanorum ” by Tournefort inst. 266 ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far
as Britain (Cav. iv. pl. 87, Curt. lond. iv. pl. 49, and Pers.).
E n dium moscJiatnm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece “ mosko-
lahanon,” and the M Y P P I C or M 6 P T P Y H of Syn. Diosc. iii. 121, - identified by Pliny xxvi. 68
with the “ geranion’’ resembling “ cicutae” but having a shorter stem, finer leaves, and agreeable
in taste and odour, is referred here by Fraas : the “ herbæ moschatæ ” is mentioned by Nicolaus
Myrepsus ni. 46: E. moschatum was observed by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus;
IS known to grow also in Siberia (P ers.). Westward, is termed “ acus moschata” by
Euricius Cordus (Spreng.), “ g. ciculæ folio moschatum” by Tournefort inst. 268 ; and is known
to grow in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. hort. i. pl, 55, and En»l.
bot. pl. 902). By European colonists, was carried to Austral Africa, Brazil, and Peru (Pers ). "
Berberis vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain barberXy or berberry
(Prior), m France “ epine-vinette ” (Nugent), in Italy “ berberi” or “ crespino ” or “ trespino”
(Lenz), in Greece “ oxuakantha ” (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the OHYAKANf fÀo f Syn. Diosc.
'■ '"3. — identified by Serapion with the “ amir beris ” or “ berbaris ” or “ atsrar ; ” the “ amyrberis” i.s
mentioned by Avicenna (Prior), and the “ azrur” by Ebn Baitar: B. vulgaris was observed by Sibthorp,
and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus; is known to grow on Lebanon (Pers.); and its fruit
imported “ from Greece,” is enumerated by Rhazes, Alpinus, and Forskal mat, med. as employed
medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the “ spina appendix” having according to Pliny xxiv. 70 scarlet
berries called “ appendices,” i.s referred here by writers : B. vulgaris is described by Matthæus Sylvaticus
38, Valerius Cordus, and Gerarde ; is identified with the “ amyberberis ” of the Arabs in the
Ortus sanitatis S5 (Prior); is termed “ b. dumetorum ” by Tournefort inst. 614; is known to grow
m Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Norway (A. D ec.), but is regarded by Watson as
perhaps exotic in Britain. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has
become naturalized from Newloundland to the environs of Boston. The bark according to Lindley
* Magnolia liypoleuca of Japan, as far as Yeso. Called by the Ainos “ ikajubni” (Sieb.), in
Japan “ honoki,” and possibly as early as this date used for scabbards by the Japanese — (see j ’ap.
centen. comm. 31 and 88) ; by the Ainos, for quivers (Sieb.).
J so lep is sp. of Japan. A rush from early times used for “ mattings of better quality ” in the prov-
ince„of B ingo—• (Jap. centen. comm. 74).
Hydropyriim latifolium of Japan. From early times used in Japan “ for commoner mattings” —
(Jap. centen. comm. 74). The plant, from transported specimens, described by Grisebach.
0 ' r ?
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D PL A N T S. 5 0 1
is “ astringent,” and “ a refreshing drink prepared by crushing the fruit in water is considered serviceable
in fevers.” (See Cratægus pyracantlia).
H ippuris vulgaris of Northern climates. Called in Italy “ coda d! cavallo” (Lenz), in Britain
in old herbáis “ female horsetail,” and by modern botanists mare's-tail {Vx\or), the PYNON or
eKYTION identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 47 with the CAÁ II : eKYNAo f the Romans, — may be
compared : H. vulgaris has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow from “ Lat. 44“ ” in
Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland, the Shetland Islands, and Iceland
(Hook., Dec., Fries, Bertoi., and A. D ec.), is figured in manuscripts T and G of the latin Apuleius
40, and is described by Matthioli p. 676, and Dodoens p. 113 (Spreng.). Eastward, is known to
grow in the river Terek, and from Affganistan throughout Siberia to the mouths of the Obi and Lena
and to Kamtschatka. Farther East, is known to grow from-Bering’s Straits and “ Lat. 60° ” to Norfolk
Sound, the Saskatchewan, Newfoundland (Mert., Drumm., and Hook.), Labrador (M ey.), and
Greenland (Wats.) ; was observed by myself at the Southern extreme of Nova Scotia, by Eaton in
“ Lat. 43° ” in the Hudson river, and by Short in Kentucky. In the Southern Hemisphere, was
observed by J. D. Hooker fl. ant. ii. p. 73 at the abandoned settlement at Port Famine in the Straits
of Magellan.
Liunm Gallicum ai the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ lin ón ” (Sibth.), in Italy
“ lino silvestre ” (Riccio, and Targ.), and possibly the A I N 0 N : A f P I 0 N identified in Syn. Diosc.
ii. I2S with the A l N O Y M : A r P e C T £ M or A l N O M Y P O YM of the Romans : — L. Gallicum is
termed “ lino salvatico ” by Matthioli (Targ.), “ 1. sylvestre minus iuteum annuum folio latiore” by
Tournefort inst. 340, “ I. maritimum ” by Lamarck fl. fr., and is known to grow from Montpellier to
the hills near Genoa (Ger. prov. pi. 15, Viviani, and Pers.); was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands.
Iberis amara of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany “ bitterer bauernsenf” (Fraas),
and the C I N H n i i A T P I O N or C I N H n h n e P C I K O N of Syn. Diosc. ii. 185 — may be compared
: I. amara is described by Linnæus ; was observed by Fraas not rare in Greece ; by Lenz, to
all appearance wild in Italy ; is known to grow as far as Switzerland and Germany (Crantz, and Pers ) ;
but in Britain occurs only in cultivated ground (engl. bot. pl. 52, and A. D ec.).
Picridiutnperenne oi the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ agria pikralitha”
(Fraas), and the ArPIAiTTIKPiC of Syn. Diosc. ii. 159 — may be compared : P. perenne is described
by Sprengel; and was observed by Fraas frequent in rocky situations in and around the
Peloponnesus.
Rhinanlhus minor of Nortliern and Subarctic climates. Called in Britain rattle-box or yellow
rattle (Prior), in Italy “ cresta di gallo ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the K P I C T A : T A A A I N A
K Ê A of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. iv. 60, — or the “ crista ” described by Pliny xxvii. 23 as having
leaves that resemble a cock’s comb, a slender stem, and pods containing black seeds which when
placed under the eyelids traverse around and finally come out: R. minor, distinguished by C. Ch.
Gmelin (Steud.), is known to grow on the Appenines and in Spain, and throughout middle and
Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Ehrh. 46, Fries, Hook., and A. Dec.). Eastward,
has not been observed in Greece, but is known to grow on the Taurian mountains and in Persia and
throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal (Gmel., Pall., and Bieb.). Farther East, was observed by
Chamisso on Unalascha; by Scouler on the Lower Columbia, by Drummond on the Rocky mountains
; is known to grow also from Slave Lake and Fort Franklin throughout Canada to Newfoundland
and Greenland (Plook., and Wats.) ; has been observed by myself in grass-grown clearings from
the Lower St. Lawrence to Salem in New England, and is known to occur as far as Lat. 42° at
Plymouth (A. Gray).
Rhinauthus alpinus of Eastern Europe. The “ alectorolophos ” supposed by Pliny to be identical
with the Italian plant, — mentioned also by Aelian (Ainsw. diet.), is referred here by Fraas : R.
alpinus is described by Baumgarten, and was observed by Fraas on mount Pindus at the elevation of
“ four thousand ” feet.
Veronica anagallis ai Northern climates. Called in Britain by Lyte water-pimpernell (Prior),
in accordance with the AN AFAAAIC: ÊNYAPOCo f Syn. Diosc. ii. 153 — indirectly referred here
by Fuchsius (Spreng.) : V. anagallis was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in
nils and ditches from the Peloponnesus to the Greek islands and Smyrna ; is known to grow also
from Northern Hindustan throughout middle Asia to China and Kamtschatka (Gmel., Ledeb, and
Benth.), and was observed by Thunberg in Japan, called there “ kalen so.” Southward from Greece,
the “ karrat elain ” of Gafeki, and Ebn Baitar, is referred here by Sontheimer : V. anagallis was
observed by Delile around Rosetta, is known to grow on mount Sinai (Benth.), was observed by Forskal
among the mountains of Yemen, and is known to grow in Abyssinia (Rich.). Westward, is
termed “ v. aquatica major et minor folio oblongo ” by Tournefort inst. 145 ; and is known to grow in
Italy, Algeria, Portugal, the Canary Islands, Madeira, tlie Azores, and throughout middle and Northi
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