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760 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
a c c o r d i n g to Lindley as far as “ the Levant,” its medidnal properties “ similar in effect to P, saxof
Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The seven-leaved q LM n q Ll €-
f 0 Ll U m of Simeon de Cordo of Genoa— is referred here by Sprengel; P. recta is termed • penta-
phyllum mains” by Brunfels ii. 33, “ quinquefolium rectum Iuteum” by Tournefort inst. was
!bserved by Sibthorp, and Gittard in Southern Greece ; and is known to oreur alo£ walls and on the
margin of cultivated ground in middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pl. 383, Ciantz, Lam. fl. fr., Lap.,
E E e r a to r ia o s tr u ih ium of Northern Europe, and about mountains farther South, Called in
Br\tam m a s te r -w o r t (Prior) : the 0 St r U 1 1 Ll m of Simeon Januensis - is referred hero by Rhochns
comm Scrib. Larg. 10: I. ostruthium is described by Anguillara p. 2ii ; was received from Ferrante
Imperato of Naples by C. Bauhin pin. iv. i ; is termed “ i. major” by Tournefort mst. 31? . and is
known to grow along the base of the Alps from France to Austria, and m “ inoist meadows and
woods ” as far as the Baltic and Sweden (Pers., Koch, Fries, and Lmdl.); but m Bntain is legauled
as not certainly indigenous (Blackw. pl. 27.9, Engl. bot. pl. 1380, Wats., and A. Dec )-^ as war ,
the “ kumenokarnavathin” of Maximus Planudes mOrb. may be compared: L ostrutfoimr wre observed
by Sibthorp in waste places on Cyprus. By European '£5 carried to ,
( ) ■ to Iceland (Wats.); and to Newfoundland, where it was observed by Pilaje (Dre.). Accord
in» to Burnett, and Lindley, the umbels are flattish “ eight or ten inches wide,” and the £ £ racnd
and bitter, it is used as a masticatory in toothache, and many writers speak well of it as a febrifuge.
^ ^ 'f f iS / r f f i/ f f ir iw e s te rn Europe. Called in Britain h a r d f i r n h om th e rigid texture of the
frond (Prior): the C 11 T I U m of Simeon Januensis - is referred here by Manardus ; B. boreale is
termed “ waldt asplenon” by Tragus i. pl. 18S, as observed by him in the woods of Germany; is
known to irrovv also as far as Britain.
“ N0I nth” (Nicol.), a synod at Saltzburg. “ Forbidding the bishops to render homage to the
lay „ of Ferisht, Elph.), Kei Kobad succeeded by Jelal-u-din, a Khilji
“ seventy” years of age and now eleventh sultan of Delhi. _
“ ,»89 A. D.” (Garc. de la Vega), rebellion of the Chancas, the first m Peruvian history: the
Chancas defeated in battle at Yuhuar-Pampa near Cuzco, and abdkiation of the fleeing \ahuarhureac
in favour of his son Ripac or Huira-cocha or Viracocha, now eighth Inca of Pern.*-V.raco£a added
a province to the empire ; and constructed a cana! one hundred ami
the province of Chinchasuyu. The mummy of Viracocha, “ that of a very old man Maikham edit
Ciez. p li), and those of four other Incas were seen by G. de la Vega m 1560 m £ apartmentoit Cuzco.
“ i»QO A. D.” (art de verif.), Kalaoon .succeeded by Khalyl, eighth Memlife sffltan of EgyPt-
“ In this year” (Way ed. Pr. pm. 267), the Jews totally expelled from England by Edward I.
In Italy (L u b k e and Lutrow), building of the cathedral at Orvieto. g
The same year = “ .2.6 an. jav.,” date of a Javan inscription in which “ the descendants of
Prabu ” are mentioned — (according to the translation in Raffles append. 9). finiOTmo. Mow
“ 1291, May 19th” (Blair), the city of Ptolemais re-taken by sultan . . . . ; the finishing blow
to the „ (Alst), a synod in London. A decree. That no one should give estates to the
priesthood, nor the priesthood be allowed to purchase without the king’s consent. _
“ I2Q2 March 17th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Bremen. “ Against those who imprisoned feshops.^
“ The’same year” (Nicol), a synod at Chichester. A statute, Forbidding “ the aepasturing
A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), invasion of the Punjab by Mogul Tartars
repelled by sultan Jelal-u-din. On this occasion. “ three thousand ” oi the ene^' jomed his s‘">™a£'
soon after embraced the Mahometan religion, and a place in the suburbs of Delhi was assigned for
their residence — to the present day called Moghulpura. • , , 1 m
“ 1Z03 A. D.” (art de verif.), Khalyl succeeded by Beydarah ; and after a single day, by Naser,
tenth Memluk sultan of Egypt, Besides his mosque and tomb at Cairo, Narer built bridges win-
tains, academies, and other works of public utility. A copper com issued by him, is figured
Marcel p. 172-
* PorHera hygromdrica of Western Peru, A rigid Zygophylloid burir, closing its leaflets on
the approach of rain, and called in Peru “ turucasa,” employed mecfenmlly from rerly times - - its
properttes being similar to those of guaiacum (Lindl.): observed by Ruiz and I £on prodi p ■ 9
anffin» rubbish in sunny situations in Peru (Pers.) ; and according to Lindley extending into Chih.
f
MW,
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 761
“ From this year” (Blair), “ a regular succession of English parliaments.”
About this time, or according to some writers, four centuries earlier (Blair), the “ motion of trepidation
” or the variation o f the sun’s declination, discovered by the Arabian astronomer Thebit-ben-
Corah.
The following plants known from early times to the natives of Florida, Platanthera ciliaris their
“ rattle snake’s master,” the root employed both internally and externally.
Of the fragments of pottery, arrow-heads, and other implements of stone and bone in the rubbish-
heaps of Florida, some as early probably as this date.*
Quercus virens of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The live oak, a large tree growing in
the vicinity of the sea, known to the natives from early times : — “ evergreen oaks ” were seen by
Cabeza de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf : O. virens was ob.served by Catesby i. pi.
t6, and Elliot, in Carolina ; by F. A. Michaux, from Lat. 37° to 30° and along the Gulf to and beyond
the mouths of the Mississippi ; by Darby, not North of 30° 22' on the Lower Mississippi, nor West
of the Sabine ; by N. A. Ware, and Chapman, in Florida; and by Bartram, as far as 28°. Its timber
is highly valued far ship-building.
Yucca aloifolia of the seashore from North Carolina to Florida and Vera Cruz. 'The generic
name aboriginal, — but the plant called by colonists Spanish bayonet (A. Gray) : Y. aloifolia is known
to grow near Vera Cruz and on Jamaica (Pers.) ; was observed by Baldwin at 29° in Florida; by
* Andromeda {Leucoihoe) acuminata of Carolina and Florida. A shrub with a hollow stem,
from early times “ used by the natives for making their pipe-stems ” — (Pursh) : observed by Bar-
train catal, and Michaux, in Florida; by Walter, and Elliot, in Carolina; by Schweinitz, and Curtis,
as far North as 36°.
Zamia pum ila of Florida. The coontie is a low palmetto-like jolant, its trunk yielding the
“ kun-ti hat-ki ” wliite bread, prepared by the Seminóles from early times — (Fontaneda transl. B.
Smith, and Laudonn.) : Z. pumila was observed by Baldwin, and N. A. Ware, commencing at
Lat 30°; by Chapman, in “ low grounds South Florida,” and Florida arrowroot procured from its
trunk; is known to grow also in Domingo (Pers.). Transported to Europe, is described by the
younger Linnæus, and Jacquin rar. iii. pl. 635. The Zamia of the Bahamas, furni.shing according to
Lindley “ one of the best kinds of arrow root,” may be compared.
Sm ilax pseudo-china of Carolina and Florida. Calleci on the Roanoke '“tsinaw” (Hariot), and
from early times bread made by the natives from its tuberous rootstock ; also in Florida, the “ kun-ti
tsah-ti ” red bread of the Seminóles — (B. Smith edit. Fontan ): S. pseudo-china was observed by
Sloane i. pl. 143 on Jamaica (Pers.); by Chapman, in “ woods and thickets, Florida, and Northward ; ”
by Walter 245, and Elliot, asTar as the Santee ; and the “ tsinaw ” of the Roanoke is described by
Hariot as the root of a briar similar to china-root used for making bread (De Bry i. 17). Transported
to Europe, is described by Plukenet aim. pl, tio (Lindl.).
Pachyma cocos of the alluvial Atlantic border of North America. The tuckaho is a large hard-
crusted fungus growing underground in sandy pine-barrens ; and a root like the truffle and sweet,
eaten from early times by the Seminóles, — is mentioned by Fontaneda: the “ okeepenauk,” a round
root as large as a man’s head, found by Hariot e.aten crude by the natives on the Roanoke (De Bry i),
may also be compared: and the “ tockowhough ” of the natives on James river is enumerated by
Strachey : P. cocos is described by Schweinitz, as observed by him in Carolina ; and is known to
grow as far North as 40° in peninsular New Jersey.
Pinus tceda of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The loblolly or old-field pine, a lofty tree,
known to the natives Irom early times, — and probably the “ pines ” seen by Cabeza de Vaca on the
North shore of the Mexican Gulf: “ abietes ” large and lo.ty for masts of ships, were seen by Hariot
on the Roanoke: P. tæcia was observed by F. A. Michaux from Lat. 38° throughout the maritime
portion of North Carolina; by Pursh, from Virginia to Florida; by Elliot, in South Carolina and
Georgia; by Chapman, in Florida, having “ valuable but sparingly resinous wood;” by Darby, on
Pearl river, and to Lat. 30° on the Mississippi,
Sabal Adansoni oi Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. The d w a rf palmetto, known to the
natives from early times; — clearly the “ dwarf palmettos like those of Castile” seen by Cabeza
de Vaca on the North shore of the Mexican Gulf, and the “ palmitoes upon low palm trees like those
of Andaluzia ” seen by De Soto in Florida : S. Adansoni is termed “ cliamoerops acaulis ” by Michaux
i. 207 ; was observed by Elliot on the sea-islands of Carolina and Georgia ; by N. A. Ware, in Florida;
by Chapman, “ in the lower districts, Florida to North Carolina,” its “ stem short, buried in
the earth ; ” by Nuttall, not North of 33° on the Mississippi ; and by Darby, in Opelousas. Transported
to Europe, is described by Guernsent soc. philom. l.xvii. pl. 25, and Jacquin hort. iii. pl. 8
(Pers.).