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684 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Austria (Jacq. austr. pl. 145, and Pers.). The seeds of at least some species of Laserpitium are
excessively bitter (see L. siler). _ ^ . . .
“ Dec. 13th ” (Nicol.), a synod at Gironne. “ For the maintenance of ecclesiastical liberties.”
“ 109S A. D. (= 492 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph.), accession of Masaud II. as sultan of Ghazni.—
His generals carried on war beyond the Ganges, and for some years he resided with his comt at
Lahore.
“ 1099, July 15th” (Blair, and Marcel), capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders, after journeying
all the way by land; and their leader, Godfrey Baldwin, established in the city as king.
“ Aug. I3th ” (Alst., and Nicol.), Urbanus II. succeeded by cardinal Rainer or Paschalis II.,
fourth pope. Paschalis II. first employed the “ Years of his pontificate ” in dating his Bulls.
“ In this year” (Bentl. as. res. viii. 243), the Bhasvati composed by a pupil of the Flindu astronomer
Varaha Mihira.
“ In this year” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Sujan Kesari succeeded by Salini
Kesari, now king of Orissa. — His queen built the Nat Mandir or dancing-hall of the Siva temple at
Bhuvaneswar.
“ IIOO A. D.” (Nicok), a synod at Lambeth. Proof was given by Maud daughter of Malcolm III.
of Scotland, That she had not entered the religious life by her own choice, or by the vow of her parents.
About this time, “ 942 to 1227 A. D.” (J. Nicholson in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), the Samaritan Arabic
version of the Bible, by Abu Sa'id ; — the last named date, being that of the Barberini manuscript
copy.
“ IIOO to iioi A. D.” (De Wailly pl. xiv. i), manuscripts of this date presenting the following
form of the letter t.
One hundred and sixty-second generation. Jan. 1st, iioi, onward mostly beyond youth; the
Jewish writers, Abraham ben Chij'ja, Solomon ben Isaac, Bechaj'i, Meir ben Isaac, and Peter
Aljihonso ; the Arab writers, Ghazali, Elzaharawi (Abulcasis) d. 1106 or “ 1122’ (Casiri); the
Greek writers, Euthymius Zigabenus, d. after 1118, Theophylactus bishop of Bulgaria d. 1112,
Michael Glycas d. 1118, Joannes Cinnamus d. 1118, Joannes Zonaras cl. after 1118, Poellus d. after
1105; Hildebertus, Rupertus Tutiensis abbas, Theodoricus abbas Leodiensis, Bernhardus Clunia-
censis, Zacharias Chrysopolitanus, Godfridus Vindocinensis, Berengosius, Algerus ; the scholastic
theologians, Petrus Cluniacensis ; the Slavonic writers, Vladimir, V. Monomach, Sylvester of Pere-
jaslavl, and Hegumen Daniel ; the Icelandic writer Thorlak Runolfson.
“ The same year = ‘ kian-tchoung-king-koue,’ 1st year of Hoei-tsoung, of the Soung” or Twenty-
first dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year” (Alst), end of the chronicle of Bertholdus Constantiensis.
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Mostaali succeeded by El-Amrof the Fatimite dynasty, seventh
sultan of Egypt. A coin issued at Alexandria by El-Amr, is figured in Marcel 126.
“ 1102 A. D.” (T. Wright early trav. Pal., and D’Avezac), pilgrims now thronging to Palestine,
and on “ Sunday Oct. 12th,” the wreck of all but seven out of “ thirty very large ships ” in the unsafe
port of Jaffa, “ more than a thousand ” persons perishing, witnessed by Smwulf.
“ 1104 A. D.” (Nicok), a synod at Rome. Bruno archbishop of Treves was “ reprimanded for
receiving investiture from the emperor” Henricus IV.
“ 1105, March 26th ” (Nicol ), a synod at Rome. The earl of Mellent and his associates were
excommunicated, for supporting the right of the king of England to invest bishops.
“ May 29th ” (Nicol.), in a synod at Quedlimbourg in Thuringia, prince Flenricus rebelling against
his father “ declared, That he had accepted the sceptre against his own will, and was willing to surrender
it.” The Diet assembling at Mayence on “ Christmas day,” Henricus IV. was deposed, and
his son Henricus V. crowned emperor by the archbishop of Mayence.
“ The same year” (Nicol.), a synod at Florence. “ Against the bishop of that city, who averred,
That Antichrist was already born.”
In this year (= “ 1027 + 25 53 yrs.” of Kalhan. hist. Cashm., H. H. Wils. ind. dram. ii. 260),
Ananta succeeded by his son Kalasa, now king of Cashmere.
“ 1106, October” (Nicol.), a synod assembled at Lisieux by king Henry of England. The regulations
made, “ were rather civil than ecclesiastical, and the lay lords present were more numerous
than the bishops.” ^
“ The same year” (S. D. in Kitt. cycl. bibl.), date of the Hebrew manuscript “ 154 Kennicott;
the oldest one extant, so far as ascertained; for those conjectured to be older are devoid of any accurate
register of their antiquity. — Of private manuscripts in the Rabbinical character, none are more
than “ five hundred” years old.
“ 1107 A. D. = 1st year of the ‘ ta-kouan’ of Hoei-tsoung” — (Chinese chron. table).
“ 1108 A. D. (= 1768th of Synmu,” art de verif.), Foricawa succeeded by his eldest son To-ba,
now dairo of Japan.
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 685
“ The same year = 2d year ta-kouan” (topog. Cant., and Pauth. 473), the provinces of Tche-
kian», Fo-kien, and Kouang-toung, assigned for the admission of foreign ships : a supplementary officer
was sent to Tchintcheou. — The following year, foreign merchants wished to visit other ports ; and
after giving assurance that they had no prohibited articles, were permitted, and were furnished with
arms for their defence. _
As early as this date, Nicolaus Praepositus writing. He mentions Roger son of Robert Guiscard
—“ who died in i i i i ” (Spreng.).
The gYLlA. m use Set of Nicolaus Praepositus, — and Franciscus Pedemontium, is perhajis
civet {a perfume procured from a weasel-like animal. Viverra zibetha) ; the “ zubbad” is mentioned
by Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar ; the “ zapëtiôn,” by Actuarius ; civet was seen by Cadamosto on the
Gambia; by Baumgarten i. 28 in Egypt; by Alpinus iii. 15, u.sed there medicinally; and by myself,
a well-known article of commerce at Mocha. The civet animal was found by Browne kept in cages
in Darfour, and wild farther South.
Campanula rapunculus of middle Europe. Called in Britain rampion, in France “ raiponce,’
in medieval Latin “ rapunculus ” (Prior) ; the r à. p e S I L V € S t P I S of Nicolaus Praepositus 106 —
may be compared ; C. rapunculus is described by Columna ecphr. i. p. 225 ; is termed “ rapunculus
esculentus ” by C. Bauhin pin. 92 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow
throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark and Gothland (Pers., and A. Dec.). Was cultivated
in Europe for its esculent tubers prior to the introduction of the potato, had become spontaneous in
Britain before the days of Ray syn. p. 277, and is regarded by Watson as perhaps exotic there and
only naturalized.* Leontodon taraxacum of Subarctic climates. Called in Britain swine's snout or dandelion, m
France “ dent de lion” (Prior), in Germany “ lowenzahn,” in Italy “ tarassaco ” (Lenz), in Greece
“ agriomaroulia” (Sibth.) or “ pikraphake” (Fraas); in which we recognize the tS^PiXICOn of
Nicolaus Praepositus — (identified with the “ aborsus porcinus ” by Marco.Gatinaria), and the “ rostrum
porcinum ” of Matthæus Sylvaticus pand. 610 ; — a name changed according to Ortus sanitatis
152 to 226 by surgeon Wilhelmus to “ dens leonis,” continued to the present day in “ a similar name
in nearly every European language” (Prior) : L. taraxacum is termed “ dens leonis latiore folio” by
Tournefort inst. 468 ; was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 228 in Barbary, by Moris in Sardinia, by
Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland,
Spitzbergen, ?nd Iceland (Hook., Wats., and Fries). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and summit of Taygetus to Caria and Constantinople ; is
known to grow also along the Taurian mountains and throughout Siberia to Kamtschatka (Bieb., and
Ledeb.) ; was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called “ fosei,” or
usually “ fudsina ” or “ tsugumi gusa ” or “ tampopo.” Farther East, is known to grow from Bering’s
Island to the American continent, the Rocky mountains, Saskatchewan river, Melville Island, Labrador,
and Greenland (Hook., R. Brown, and Meyer), in our Northern States multiplying in grass-
grown clearings. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Madeira, and Mexico (A. Dec.), and
to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.).
Zacintha verrucosa of the Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece “ ôrnithôkoli ’
or “ karavithôhôrton,” and the Sy L V 6 S t P I S 6 n d i V prescribed in medicinal syrup by Nicolaus
Florentinus —is described by Caesalpinus xiii. gas springing in neglected gardens, more than
a cubit high, branching and leafy with a yellow flower in the axils of the leaves ; Z. verrucosa is
termed “ z. sive cichorium verrucarium ” by Tournefort inst. 476 ; and is known to occur in Italy and
Southern France (All., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard,
from Crete and other Greek islands to the Peloponnesus and Mount Athos.
“ mo A. D.” (Nicok), in a synod at Constantinople, convened against the heresy of the Bogomiles,
a constitution respecting the election and duties of bishops, was published by the emperor
Alexis Comnena.
“ The same year” (Blair), learning revived at the University of Cambridge.
Ægopodium Podagraria of Europe and the adjoining portfon of Asia. A ferulaceous plant
called in Britain gout-wort or gout-weed or ax-weed or ash-weed (Mylnes, and Prior), in which we
* Galeopsis tetrahit of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain bee-nettle or hemp-nettle or
hemp-deadnettle (Prior); the h e rb e t e t P K lt of Nicolaus Praepositus 125, —and Matthajus
Platearius f. 251, is referred here by writers ; G. tetrahit is known to occur from Switzerland to the
Northern extreme of Lapland in “ Lat. 71°” (Martins, and A. Dec.); also in Northern Asia (Wats.).
Possibly by European colonists carried to Iceland, where it was observed by Hooker; clearly by
European colonists carried to Northeast America, where it has been observed by myself in cultivated
ground from Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence throughout New England.