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848 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
Tournefort inst. 173 ; known to grow in cultivated ground as far North as Denmark, but in Britain,
where it is called cow-iuhaat, first noticed by Dillenius (fl. Dan. pi. 911, A. Dec., and Prior). Eastward,
observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople; but around Caucasus occurring
apparently in wilder situations (C. A. Mey., Goebel, and Koch).
Sedum rejlexum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain stonor or stone-
Jiore or trip madam, in France “ trippe madame ” (Prior), in Belgium “ tripmadame,” and from early
times eaten there in salads — (Linn. fl. suec.); termed “ s. minus Iuteum ramulis inflexls” by Tournefort
inst. 263, and is known to grow in the woods of middle Europe (Pers.) ; was observed by
Sibthorp around Constantinople. In Sweden, was seen by Linnæus in a garden at Upsal, recently
introduced and not as yet flowering ; and in Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 69s) is regarded by Watson, and
Bromfield, as probably not indigenous (A. Dec.).
Scutellaria galericulata of the marshes of Northern climates. Called in Britain skullcap or
helmetJloiver (Prior), and known from early times; — termed “ lysimachia galericulata by Dalechamp
1060, “ cassida palustris vulgatior flore cæruleo” by Tournefort inst. 182, and known to grow
from Lapland to Northern Spain and throughout Siberia (Bauh. hist. iii. 43s, Rivin. mon. 76, fl. Dan.
pl. 637, Curt. lond. iii. 36, and Benth.) ; observed by Linnæus along lakes and streams in Lapland
and Sweden ; by Decandolle, in France ; by Savi. in Etruria; by Sibthorp, around Constantinople ;
by Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; by Jacquemont, at Cashmere; by Bunge, along the Altaian mountains
and in Dahuria Westward, according to Hooker, grows from near 66° on the Mackenzie (A. Dec.)
at Fort Franklin throughout Canada; 'was observed by Lapylaie at 49° on Newfoundland ; by myself,
along the Atlantic to 42° ; by Collins to 40°, and by Nuttall in New Jersey ; by Chapman, in “ North
Carolina; ” by Short, in Kentucky; by Drummond, at 54° near Fort Cumberland ; and by Douglas,
on the Northwest coast (Benth.).
Dcntaria bulbifera of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain tooth-cress
or tooth-viole! (Prior), and known from early times ; —termed “ dentaria tertia baccifera” by Clusius
hist. ii. I 2t , “ d. heptaphyllos baccifera” by C. Bauhin pin. 322, and Tournefort inst. 225, and is
known to grow in woods from 60° in Sweden throughout middle Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 361, Engl, bot pl.
309, Pers.. and A. Dec.); was observed by Linnæus in Sweden; by Hceft, at 52° in Russia, in Koursk;
by Sibthorp, on mount Hæmus ; by Bieberstein, on Caucasus.
Spiranthes autumnalis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain lady's
tresses (Prior), and known from early times : — described by Brunfels 104, and Tragus 298 (Spreng.) ;
termed “ orchis spiralis alba odorata” by Tournefort .inst. 433, “ ophrys spiralis” by Linnæus, and
known to grow from Denmark throughout middle Europe, also in Siberia (fl. Dan. pl. 387, Curt. lond.
iv. pl. 59, and Pers.) ; observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to mount Athos
and Constantinople. ^ . . .
Epipactis nidus-avis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A leafless orchid called m
Britain bird's-nest from its matted roots (Prior), and known from early times ; — mentioned by Tragus
298 (Spreng.) ; termed “ neottia” bv Dodoens pempt. 553, “ nidus avis” by Lobel pl. 195, “ orchis
abortiva fusca” by C. Bauhin pin. 86, “ ophrys nidus avis ” by Linnæus, and known to grow in deep
sliade from Sweden throughout middle Europe (Tourn. inst, 438, fi. Dan. pl. izi, Engl. bot. pl. 48,
and Pers.): observed by Rudbeck elys. ii. pl. 218, and Linnæus, in Sweden; by Plaller pl. 37, in
Switzerland; and by Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus.
Sanguiso! ba officinalis oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain d«™«/
blood-woit (Prior), and from early times its root used for stanching blood termed “ pimpinella
sanguisorba major” by Matthioli comm. 103. C. Bauhin pin. 160, and Tournefort inst. 156, “ pimpinella
sylvestris s. sanguisorba major” by Dodoens pempt. 105, and known to grow throughout middle
Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 97, Engl. bot. pl. 1312, and Pers.) : observed by Linnæus in the meads of Gothland,
also in gardens, and its root sold in drug-shops under the name of “ pimpinella Italica;” by
Sibthorp, and Chaubard, growing throughout the Peloponnesus.
Sagina procumbens of Northern climates. Called in Britain pearl-wort (Prior), and known from
early times: — termed “ alsine minima flore fugaci ” by Tournefort inst. 243, and Ray suppl. 501, and
known to grow from Lapland to the Mediterranean (Curt. Iond. iii. pl. 12, Pers., and Wats.): observed
by Linnæus in Sweden, frequent in sterile pasture-land; by Sibthorp, frequent on the Greek islands ;
b'y Thunberg, in Japan. Westward, by Hooker in Iceland ; by Lapylaie, from 52° in Newfoundland ; by
myself, occurring as an introduced plant around Salem and sometimes in the city streets, but according
to A. Gray is wild in “ springy places, Maine to Pennsylvania ; ” grows according to Hooker
on tlie/lains ofthe Columbia and along the Northwest coast, was observed by myself abounding and
clearly indigenous along the shores of Puget Sound, bias also been found in South America (Wats ),
perhaps introduced.
Cardamine amara of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Bntain bitter cress
(Prior), in Sweden “ backekrassa” (Linn.), and known from early tinies termed “ nasturtium
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 849
flore majore elatior” by
aquaticum majus et amarum ” by C. Bauhin pin. 104 and prodr. 45, “ c. ma
Tournefort inst. 214, “ c. nasturtiana” by Thuillier, and known to grow in woods and a
watery places
tliroughout Northern and middle Europe (Curt. lond. iii. pl. 39, and Pers.) : observed by Lmnæus
in Sweden; by Haller 558, in Switzerland ; by Villars iii.pl. 39, in Dauphiny; by Sibthorp, in wet
woods on mount Hæmus.
Lathyrus latifolius of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain everlasting
pea, in France “ pois eternel,” and known from early times : — mentioned by Matthioli 690 (Spreng.) ;
termed “ 1. major latifolius flore purpureo speciosior ” by Bauhin hist. ii. 303, and known to occur along
hedges in middle and Southern Europe (C. Bauhin pin. 344, Tourn. inst. 395, fl. Dan. pl. 985, Engl,
bot. pl. 1108, and Pers.) : was observed by Linnæus in Sweden, along hedges on the island of Muson ;
was already in Britain in the days of Ray syn. 319; escapes sometimes from the gardens around
Paris and springs up spontaneously (Coss. and Germ.), and occurs in Southern France as faras the
department of Calvados (A. Dec.) ; was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to the banks
of the Bosphorus. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in
gardens (A. Gray).
Trifolium agrarium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hop clover
(Prior), in Sweden “ jordhumble” or “ skogshumble ” or “ gullkulla ” (Linn.), and known from early
times: —termed “ t. pratense Iuteum fæmina flore pulchriore sive lupulino” by Bauhin hist. ii. 381,
“ t. montanum lupiilinum” by Tournefort inst.404 “ t. aureum” by Pollich pat. ii. 344, and known to grow
throughout middle Europe (C. Bauhin prodr, 140, Barrel, pl. 1024, fi. Dan. pl 558, and Pers.) : observed
by Linnæus in Sweden ; by Roth ii. 2. 207, in Germany; by Sibthorp, on mountains from Crete and
the Peloponnesus to Caria. By European colonists, was carried to Nortlieast America, observed by
myself naturalized in Western Massachusetts, and according to A. Gray, occurs also in Pennsylvania.
Pyrola secunda of the Subarctic forest. Called in Britainyevenng oryethering bells, in medieval
Latin “ tintinabulum terræ,” from its flowers resembling the string of little bells struck with a hammer
in medieval pictures of king David— (Prior): the plant is termed “ ambrosia montana ” by Dalechamp
pl. 1148, “ pyrola secunda tenerior ” by Clusius pan. 506, “ p. folio mucronato serrato” by
C. Bauhin pin. 181, and Tournefort inst. 256, is known to grow from Lapland throughout Northern
Europe (fl. Dan. pl. 402, Engl. bot. pl. 517, and Pers.), and on the Pyrenees and Swiss Alps (Dec.) :
was observed by Linnæus in Lapland and Sweden ; by Sibthorp, in woods on the Bithynian Olympus ;
bv Bieberstein, on Caucasus ; by Gmelin iv pl. 56, frequent throughout all Siberia. Westward, by
I-iooker in Iceland; is known to grow in Greenland (Wats.); was observed by Lapylaie in Newfoundland
; by myself, from 47° 30' on the Lower St. Lawrence to 40° in peninsular New Jersey ; by
Drummond, at 54° on the Saskatchewan; by E. James, on the Rocky mountains; by Chamisso,
around Elscholtz Bay on the Pacific ; by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound.
Lychnis visearía of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain ca tch fy from
its glutinous stalks (Prior), in Sweden “ tiar-ort” or “ bekblomster” (Linn.), and known from early
times ; * — termed “ 1. sylvestris quarta ” by Clusius hist. i. 289, “ I. s. viscosa rubra angustifolia”
* Pilularia globulifera of Northern climates. Called in Britain pill-voort (Prior), and known from
early times : —termed “ graminifolia palustris repens vasculis granorum piperis æmulis ” by Ray hist.
1325, and Morison iii. 15. pl. 7, “ p. palustris juncifolia ” by Vaillant paris. pl. 15, and known to grow
throughout middle Europe (Dill. muse. pl. 79) : observed by Linnæus in Scania, in pastnre-land subject
to river-inundation. Westward, this or an allied species was observed by Nuttall in tiie Arkansas.
Agrostis vulgaris of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain fiorin from the Erse “ fearh ”
grass — (Prior) ; A. vulgaris is described by Linnæus (Wahl.) ; and is known to grow from Switzerland
throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hoflra. germ , Pers.,
Hook., and Wats ). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become
abundantly naturalized, lias been observed by niyself from Lat. 48° on the Lower St. Lawrence to 41°,
by Short in Kentucky, and by Nuttall along the Arkansas ; and to St. Helena (Kunth).
Botrychium lunaria of Northern Europe and Asia. A fern called in Britain moon-wort from the
semilunar segments of its frond, giving ri.se in former times to the same superstition about horseshoes
— (Brande pop. antiq., and Prior) : B. lunaria is described by Fuchsius pl. 182, Dalechamp p. 1313,
and Columna phyt. pl. iS; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe.
Aspidium thelyptcris oi Northern climates. Called in Britain marsh fern (Prior), and known
from early times:—termed “ filix mollis s. glabra vuigari mari non ramosæ accedens ” by Bauhin
hist. iii. pl. 731, “ filix minor palustris repens” by Ray angl. iii. 122, and known to grow throughout
Northern Europe (. . . .) ; was observed by Linnæus in Sweden, as far as Upland. Westward, by
myself in bogs and marshes from 46° near Montreal to 40° along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, “ common ”
in central New York ; by Chapman, as far as Florida.
Rhodomenia and Plalymenia. Seaw’eeds called in Britain dulse, from the Gaelic “ duillisg ” water-
leaf— (Prior). 107
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