|S )<3
to
»■Î* (Hi.
Íii'to+élll
"ìto-i’S ir -
ñiK
I't J
galoides lusitanica” by Tournefort inst. 399 ; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and Portugal
(Desf. atl- ii. iSo, Pers., and Spreng.).
A\>sa gluHnosa of Crete. The POA A with 0 M4 AA0 S ; TPAXYÍ mentioned by Aristotle
probl. V. 8, — by Theophrastus vi. 6. 4 as large and sweet-scented “ trahu to kató,” , may be
compared; R. glutinosa is termed “ r. cretica montana foliis subrotundis glutinosis et v illos is” by
Tournefort cor. 43 ; is described by Sibthorp “ fructibus globosis pedunculisque hispidis,” as observed
on the mountains of Crete.
P ic r is? asplenioides o i the Mediterranean countries. An herb called in Greece “ pikralitha”
(Sibth.), in which we recognize the f l lKPIAOS of Aristotle an. ix. 8, — named, from its bitterness
and flowering throughout the year according to Theophrastus vii. n . 4, mentioned as edible in
the Septuagint translation of ex. xii. 8: P. asplenioides is regarded by Chaubard as a species of
Apargia, and was observed by him and Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus aud on Zacynthus. Westwaid,
is described by Linnæus sp. 1115; is termed “ leontodon muricatum ” by L ’ Heritier pl. 82; was
observed by Scopoli in Italy; by Desfontaines 222, in the maritime sands of Barbary (Pers.).
Carthamus ieucocaulos of the East Mediterranean countries. A thislle-like plant called in Greece
“ atraktuli” or “ stauragkathi ” (Sib th .); in which we recognize the ATPAKTYAIS of Aristotle
an. ix. 30, — whiter than others according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 6, emitting blood-like juice and
therefore termed “ phônôn,” having also the smell of blood : the “ atraktulis” is mentioned also by
Theocritus iv. 52, is prescribed by Paulus Aegineta ; and the description by Dioscorides so far as
relates to the flowers being sometimes purplish, may belong here : C. Ieucocaulos is termed “ cnicus
creticus atractylidis folio et facie flore leucophæo sive caudidissimo ” by Tournefort cor. 33; and
was observed by Sibthorp, and D ’Urville frequent in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands.
Westward, the “ atractylis ” emitting “ sanguineum succum” seems known to Pliny xxi. 56 only from
the account of Theophrastus. (See C. lanatus).
Convolvulus dorycnium of the East Mediterranean countries. A branching erect species ;
and the “ dorycnium” of Aristotle — (Plin. xxviii. 21), Demophon, Lysimachus the Hippocratean,
Nicander alex. 376, growing according to Dioscorides in stony places not far from the sea and
resembling a young olive but with smaller and very rough leaves, its branches not a cubit long, Aofo'ej
white, “ ërëvinthôu ’’-like follicles containing five or six round variegated seeds almost like “ orovoi
mikroi,” root a cubit long and believed to induce sleep and even death, is referred here by Linnæus,
and Fraas: the “ thoruknidn” is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the ‘‘»kalëan ” or “ alikakavon” of
Cratevas ; and there is further confusion in names, as appears irom Pliny xxi. 105, Galen comp. med.
loc. X. 356, and the author of Delet. pharm. 6 ; C. dorycnium is termed “ c. ramosus incanus foliis
pilosellæ” by Tournefort inst. 84; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry stony
places near the sea from Crete to the Peloponnesus and Attica.
Stachys lanata of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Called in Greece “ stahus ”
(Sibth.) ; ill which we recognize the STAXYS of Aristotle probl, ined. ii. 80, — Aratus, Theocritus
X . 47, Apollonius Rhodius, and Nicander ther. 803, growing according to Dioscorides in mountainous
and broken places and resembling “ prasió,” but whiter, and somewhat longer with more stems from
the root, the leaves numerous and subrotund hard fragrant hairy and white. S. lanata was observed
by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow
also in Siberia (Jacq. rar. pl. 107, and Pers.).
Avicennia tomentosa of Tropical shores. A mangrove called in Yemen “ sehura,” at Muscat
“ ge rm” (Forsk.); and trees growing in salt-water around the Indian Ocean are mentioned by Aris-
toUe mund. c. 4 — (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147): the “ ë la a ” growing in the Red Sea beyond Coptum
and having fruit like an olive, is mentioned by Theophrastus iv, 7. i ; and the sea-washed “ ëlaian ”
with fruit like a chestnut, by Agatharchides 43 : A. tomentosa was observed by Forskal p. 37 frequent
along the islands and shores of the Red Sea, the wood used for fuel, and the leaves eaten by camels,
donkeys, and sheep. Eastward, is called in Bengalee “ bina,” in Telinga “ nalla-madu” (Drury); was
observed by Rheede iv. pl. 45 in Malabar; by Graham, abundant about Bombay; by Roxburgli,
Wallich. Wight, as far as the mouths of the Ganges ; and by Mason, along the shores of Burmah.
Rhizophora conjúgala of the shores of the Indian Ocean. Another mangrove included doubtless
among the salt-water trees of the Indian Ocean mentioned by Aristotle ; — at the mouth of the
Indus, the companions of Alexander found trees nearly covered at high-waler, one of the two kinds
having lupine-like fruit ; and Theophrastus iv. 7. i to s further speaks of a “ ihaphnen ” besides the
“ ë laan ” growing in the Red Sea beyond Coptum; Megasthenes also mentions “ trees growing in
the Indian S e a ” (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147) : R. conjúgala was observed by Rheede vi. pl. 34 in
Malabar; by Graham, “ abundantly in salt marshes all along the coast ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight,
along the Eastern coast of Hindustan ; by Mason, along the coast of Burmah, and called “ p y u ; ” by
Rumphius iii. pl. 71 and 72, among the Moluccas ; by Blanco, around the Philippines, and called in
Tagalo “ bacao” or “ bacavan.” (Compare R. Mangle.)
One hundred and mneteenth g® + 0 ^ / / V u p h r o J , Philemon, Menander, Apo lo-
Myro of Byzantium ; the cmmc / J goslppus, Anaxippns, Demetriu.s, Arcbedorus
of Gela, Dionymus of R g y r lcu se ; the philosophers. Crates the cyn.c,
dicus, and Sopater ; the culinary + 0 + “ .,° J q Anaxarchus ; the mathematician, D.no-
Crates of Tarsus, Stilpo, Polemon, / Mstorian’s, Leo of Byzantium, Calcrates
(Bla ir); the medical writers, pella, Demophilus, Cleitarchus,
listhenes, Anaximenes of Rnd’blecataeus of Abdera ; the orators, Dinarcluis,
f S r t s ’, S h 'n U , H ^ taU n , and'Pythocles ;’ the g
U : : / e 1e r r U J j U r / ’s ,/ n ? E ; j h e scuiptor Ly’sippus ; the painters, Protogenes, Apeiies,
building of the Choragic monument of Lysi-
Laocoon rooup, “ the joint work of Agesander, Polydorus and Athenodorus.” is regarded as
“ probably belonging to the time of Ale.xm0 r 0 ^^^ ^ q te
Astragalus Creticus of the + + “ ®! ^ ^ ^„q s^.pposed to be produced only on that
“ tragakantha” gum tragacanth + 0 0 / / / q c r e t iL incana flore parvo lineis purpuréis
island - (Theophrast. ix. i. 3) A Cieticus, q^erved by him on Crete, yielding white gum
striato ” by Tournefort cor. 29 and trav. i. 1« -U Bithynian Olymtragacanth
; by Sibthorp, on Crete as we ■ rrnrdino- to Lindley, supposed by Th. Martius to
pus", also yiekiing tragacanth A mnall T t / . ariTtatus, a id A. verus.)
J S J b™d.°), t i / o n s u l s at Rome for this year, not mentioned by any ancient
' " * ° S o n h , s of Myndus, educated among the Chaldeans, teaching that return in long regulated
paths - (Senec. quaest 0 + 0 3 / account) writing more than a hundred years
M e n c i u s or Meng-tseu n. 8. 3b (acco g, nhnnt B C 214 ” (Stan.-Julien).
\t 01 tne CillUcUC, \-VrtO ------------ _ -
fjuiicv , cw.ix. ............ - • A . dpc:rrih^d bv him as something neither an
barns. Pytheas sailed far enough North / / 0 (Medusa) ; and he was inform« that
“ -“ " t t ' "
U (« b ic h ™ „ d P l . c . ,b e „ . 2 . O, n . „ .1 » N . ' « » »
of Scotland). a Pvtheas as inh ab i t ing the K A B A I 0 N promontory (Bre-
+ c + ' B T ' c “ £ b 7 b « - , v . , - 8. M .H . P b » F -
“ o + Z I m H, .» . e b b e d b y P 7 . b - « f o » f o f o T fS Z Z Z Z *
tory (Strab. i. 4- S), Ushant. I >theas^ < ocean’; - a statement repeated by Era-
Spain is more accessible across I ranee than by way of the
tosthenes, but opposed by Artemidorus (Strab. m- • )• __________ _______ _
* S a lix Japónica of Japan. The ‘I '" ’ -'7 ° P- 24
kets,- may be compared with some species of willow . S. Japónica
as observed in Japan (Pers., and Steud.).
J
M l
m
f i l l ’