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poulikaria ” of the Romans ; the “ psyllium ” is mentioned by Celsus v. 2, and is identified by Pliny
XXV. 90 with the “ cynoides ” or “ cynomyiam ” or “ sicelicon ” growing in vineyards; P. psyllium
is termed “ p. majus erectum” by Tournefort inst. 128, and is known to grow in Barbary and in
various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). The seeds according to Lindley, “ are peculiarly mucilaginous
” and “ a good substitute for linseed or marsh mallows.”
Potamogetón densas of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fr o jfs lettuce
(Prior): the “ astirkok” of the Numidians,— identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ thursion ” or
“ alimôktônôn ” or “ potamógéitón ëtërôs ” having leaves resembling those of the beet but thinner,
more elongate, and more numerous, and slender stems loaded with reddish fruit astringent to
the taste, may be compared: P. densus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the
streams of the Peloponnesus. Westward, thé “ potamógéitón ëtërôs ” is identified in Syn. Diosc.
with the “ koathama” of the Dacians, “ taurSuk ” of the Gauls, and “ venai phôliôum ” or “ ë rvagô”
or “ glathiatoriam ” of the Romans; P. densus is described by Linnæus, and is known to grow
throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Engl. bot. pl. 397. See P. crispus).
851 B. C. ( = 880 — “ 29 y e a rs ” of Apollod., Diodor. and Euseb. i. p. 166), Doryssus succeeded
by his son Agesilaus as one of the two Spartan kings ; the sixth in the Agid line.
The same year ( = 877 y. 3 i7 f|^ d. — “ 28 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. x. 36), Jehu succeeded
by his son Jehoahaz, eleventh king of Israel.
Anacyndaraxes or Acrazanes, father of Sardanapallus, reigning in A ssyria— (Anchial. inscript,
Euseb. i. and ii., and Syncell.).
At Nineveh, a gate of the Khorsabad palace fastened by “ a huge wooden lock," — which is
further described by Bonomi nin. iv. i as “ Jike those still used in the East,” The “ mfth ” of Isaiah
xxii. 22 is further identified with the Egyptian “ muftah,” the large wooden key belonging to these
locks.
In the sculptures at Vhorsahaà, an umbrella is figured— (Botta pl. T13). Umbrellas are also
figured at Nimroud (Bonom. nin. iv. 2) ; and were observed by myself in paintings on the walls of
the ancient caves at Adjunta in Hindustan.
A t Khorsabad also, a battering-ram is figured, in use against a city wall — (Bonom. nin. iv. i).
Also at Khorsabad, the punishment of impalement is represented— (Botta pl. 55, and Bonom.
nin. iv. i). This barbarous punishment was sometimes employed by Darius (Herodot. thal. 159);
and continues in use among the Persians and Turks.
Pinus sylvestris of Northern Europe and Asia, and mountains farther South. Called in Britain
Scotch f i r from growing on the mountains of Scotland (Prior), in Germany “ kiefer ” (Grieb), in
France “ pin sauvage ” (Fée), in Italy “ pino montano ” or “ pino selvático ” (Lenz) ; occurring in the
buried submarine forests along the coast of France and Britain (Austen geol. soc. vi. p, 97); and “ in
Assyrian sculptures a fir-cone is the symbol of fire ” — (Prior) : the “ pitus agria ” growing according
to Theophrastus iii. i on the mountains of Macedonia, is referred here by writers ; and the “ pinus
“ silvestris ” of Pliny xvi. 17 may in part belong here : P. sylvestris occurs in the debris of ancient
lake-villages in Switzerland (Troyon) ; is termed “ p. s. vulgaris Genevensis ” by Tournefort inst.
586; was observed by Forskal on mountains not far from Marseilles; is known to grow in North
Italy and throughout Northern Europe as far as Lat. 70° (A. Dec., and Lenz), also in Siberia (Pers.);
was observed by Sibthorp on the Bithynian Olympus ; and by Thunberg, in Japan.
The same year = “ 20th year of Pamai ” death of the Apis or sacred bull that was born in the
“ 28th year of Sesonk IH .,” aged “ 26 y e a r s ” — (Birch).
^ The accession therefore of Sesonk IV., ninth and last king of the Twenty-second
dynasty, not earlier than this date. His name occurs on contemporaneous monuments
— (Leps. k. pl. 46).
848 B. C. « 1071 — “ 80 — 49 — 49— 45 y e a r s ” of .Ypollod., Diodor., and Euseb.
i. p. 16Ó), accession of Charilaus grandson of Prytanis, as sixth Spartan k in gin the
Proclid line ; under the guardianship of his uncle Lycurgus.
The same year = “ 4th year of Sesonk IV.,” death of an Apis or sacred bull — (Birch).
841 B. C. ( = 827 -|- “ 14 years,” Pauth. p. 104), the Chinese emperor Li-wang, on account of
his cruelties, expelled from the throne, and the government conducted by ministers.
The same year ( = 822 -j- “ 19 y e a r s ” of Castor, Euseb., and Syncell.), at Athens, Diognetus
succeeded by his son Pherecles, eighth archon for life.
The same year = “ i ith year of Sesonk IV.,” death of an Apis or sacred bull— (Birch).
“ 837 B. C. = 42d year of Li-wang” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-first cycle.
836 B. C. ( = 816 -f- “ 20 years ” of Euseb. 1. and ii., and Syncell), accession of Sardanapallus,
son of Anacyndaraxes,.as Assyrian emperor.
The city of Anchiale, not far from Tarsus, founded by Sardanapallus ; according to a monument
there bearing his sculptured portrait with an inscription in Assyrian letters (described and quoted
by Choerilus, Hellanicus, Amyntas, Callisthenes, Aristobulus, Cleitarchus, Apollodorus, and Strabo
xiv. s. 9).
The dulcimer figareà. - on the Assyrian monuments at Nineveh; — and is regarded by Bonomi
nin. iv. 3 and pl. 202 as the “ swmfnyh ” of Daniel iii. 5, and the “ sumphönia” of the Greeks.
The cymbals also figured on the Assyrian monuments — (Bonom. pl. 201) ; and are found to have
continued essentially the same to the present day.
The tambourine also figured on the Assyrian monuments — (Bonom. pl. 201) ; clearly the same
musical instrument in use to the present day.
The tamboura or long guitar, figured on Assyrian monuments at Nimroud, — is identified by
Bonomi iv. 3 pl. 114 and 1 15 with the “ sbka ” or sackbut of Dan. iii. 5 ; the same instrument continuing
in use along the Euphrates and Tigris to the present day.
The fa llow deer, Cervus dama, figured on the Assyrian monuments at Nimroud — (Bonom. pl.
150): the “ dama ” is mentioned by Horace, Pliny viii. 79; and as semidomestic, “ timidi venient
ad pocula damae,” by Virgil. A t thé present day, the fallow-deer is chiefly known as kept in parks
throughout Europe ; but was seen wild in Palestine by Hasselquist, and Schubert (Kitt. bibl. cycl. ii.
p. 464). ' ^
834 B. C. ( = 850 y. 2 fW \ d. — “ 17 years ” of twelve lunations of 2 K. xiii. i ) , Jehoahaz succeeded
by his son Jehoash or Joash, twelfth king of Israel.
One hundred and fourth generation. Sept. ist, 834, mostly beyond youth :
832 B. C. ( = 871 y. 3576% d.'— “ 40 years ” of 2 K. xii. i, and 2 Chron. xxiv. i) , Jehoash succeeded
at Jerusalem by his son Araaziah, twelfth Jewish king.
The Edomites defeated and their city Selah captured by Amaziah. The name Selah was changed
to “ Joktheel” — (2 K. xiv. 7) : but from the time of the Romans, the city has been called “ Petra,”
at least by Europeans.
Amaziah next invited Joash king of Israel to battle, and was himself defeated. A portion of the
wail of Jerusalem was now broken down by Joash— (2 K. xiv. 7 to 13), and the calendar of the conquerors
(as will appear presently) was imposed on Judah.
831 B. C. (= 9 3 1 — “ 100 years after the Ionic Migration” of Apollodorus, Clem. Alex. i. p.
327), Agesilaus one of the two Spartan kings.
The sarhe year (=: 1071 — “ 240 years ” of Apollod.), a date given for Homer, possibly that of
some of the Homerid hymns (see Hesiodic poems).
Eryngium campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain eryngo
(Prior), in France “ panicaut” (Nugent) or “ chardon roulant” or “ herbe à cent tê te s ” (Fée), in
Denmark “ hundred hoved ” (Spreng.), in Germany “ mannstreu,” in Italy “ eringio ” or “ calcatreppo ”
(Lenz), in Greece “ aggathia ” or “ phithaggathon ” (S ib th .) ; thé EKATO/V : KARA of the Hymn
to Ceres 12 — may be compared ; also the “ centum capita ” or “ eryngion candidam ” celebrated among
the Magians, Pythagoreans, and in the Sapphic legend respecting Phaon (Plin. xxii. 9) : E. camjies-
tre was observed by Forskal around the Dardanelles, and by Sibthorp in Greece, but by Fraa.s only
on high mountains. Westward, the “ eruggion ” or “ ëruggën ” or “ ërmiôn ” or “ mölu ” is identified in
Syn. Diosc. with the “ sikôupnôëx” of the Dacians, “ kartërai ” or “ kapitöulöum karthöus ” of the
Romans, “ kiôtôukapëta” of the Spanish, and “ hërthan” or “ hitha ’I or “ mountain herb ” of the
Numidians: E. campestre is termed “ e. vulgare” by Tournefort inst. 327 ; was observed by Forskal
near Marseilles; is known to gi'ow from Italy, Morocco, and Portugal (Schousb., and Pers.)
throughout middle Europe, in some instances clearly introduced, as far as Denmark (Ray, fl. Dan.
pl. 554, Wats., and A. Dec.). Has been long used medicinally, and according to Lindley “ a good
deal of the candied root is still sold.”
Eryngium viride of the East Mediterranean countries. An allied species called in Greece
“ agkathia” or “ phithagkatha,” more abundant (Fraas), and possibly the plant in question ; as well
as the “ krövusös” of the Egyptians — identified with the “ eruggion ” in Syn. Diosc.: the “ erugg
io n ” of Theophrastus vi. i. 3, Heraclides, Apollodorus, Nicander ther. 645, Plutarch sympos. vii. 2,
its young leaves edible according to Dioscorides, is referred here by Fraas : E. viride is described
by Link ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; and
tlie “ E. campestre” called in Egypt “ schakakel ” and observed near the Mediterranean border by
Forskal, and Delile, may also be compared.
Mentha pnlegium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Bxhaxn penny-royal,
by old writers “ puliol royal,” in Holland “ poley ” (Prior), in Germany “ polei ” (Grieb), in France
“ pouliot” (Nugent), in Italy “ pu leg io” (Lenz), on Malta “ p o le g ” (Forsk.), in Greece “ gluphoni ”
or “ vlëhôni ” or by the Turks “ filis cun ” (Sibth.), in Egypt “ hoboq ” (Del.) ; in which we recognize
the “ vlëhôna” identified by Dioscorides with the ^VHXOA/| of the Hymn to Ceres 209, — Heraclitus,
Aristophanes, Polemon diæt. ii-, i Mul. morb. 606, Theophrastus ix, 16. i, Theocritus, Nicander
ther. 877, Plutarch garrul. 17, or the “ vlëhôn ” of Aristophanes pac. 712, Aristophon, and Athenaeus-:
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