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6 2 4 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
Tabernæmontan ii. p. 391) : C. vulgari.s is described by Fuchsius p. 121, and Tragus f. 322 (Spren».) •
IS termed “ c. sylvestris vulgaris” by Tournefort inst. 500; and is known to grow in woods and
mountainous situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1174, En»l. bot.
pl. 1144, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on mount Athos and around Constantinople
; and is described by Pallas (Steud.). Its dried calyx according to Persoon is hygrométrie
expanding m fine weather, and closing when the atmosphere becomes moist.* ' ’
“ 796 A. D .” (A lst.), at Róme, Hadrianus succeeded by Leo III., thirty-second archbishop.
797 A. D .” (A lst.), Irene now sole ruler of the Byzantine empire.
1 O ïN ‘ró' P' ” (Gfoibil, and Pauth. p. 322), arrival in China of “ three ambassadors ” from Flarunel
Kariiid to foe emperor. Te-tsoung. And the ceremony of “ ko-teou ” or prostration, regarded as a
mere form, after some scruples complied with.
ity, t“hrAotu gthhi s“ tGimerem”a (nI parlviei s1t.s)., ”the Slavonian inhabitants of Pannonia already converted to Christian
tj ,“■ ! T " Y ft™ ft'»ft’ft® ®toitury” (Mem. de I'lnstit. v. p. 430), an embassy from Harnn-el- Rashid to Charlemapie, bearing foe keys of Jerusalem. Charlemagne proceeded to erect in that city
a large building for the use of pilgrims from his dominions.
800, Dec. 25th ” (Alst.), m opposition to the Byzantine Empire, Charlemagne declared “ Emperor
of the W est” by archbishop Leo III. In return, Charlemagne confirmed the grant of his
f“attehmerp oPraelp ipno, waenrd.” added more territory to the church of Rome, convejy inag vp olitical 'autlioritgy uori
kapel f eF^FYf eClYf euY”' ' L u t r o w ) , building by Charlemagne of the Kaiser
One hundred and fifty-third generation. Jan. ist, 801, onward mostly beyond youth: the lewish
writeis, Isaac of France, Mashalla el-Anclrusger, and Sahl et Thaberi : the Arab writers, El-Kindi
Asma, or Ben Cora.b, El-Yezeedee, Ebn Shumeyl, Kutrub, El-Farra, Abu Obeydeh, Esch-Sheybanee’
Abu Zey d (Lane diet.), Jahia-Ebn-Serapion (Spreng. hist, med.) : foe Greek writers, Theodorus Studites’
Joseph Studites, Isaacius Theophanes ; the chronologer Georgius Syncellus, Dionysius of Telmahre ’•
the theologians, the monk Usiiardus, Ludgerus the first monastic bishop, Paschasins Ratbertus
Ansganu.s, C audius Scotus, Jonas Aurelianensis, and Halitgarius ; Theodulphus, Leidrade ■ thè
Irish geographer Dicuil, the traveller Hetton (Voyag. B elg.).
tine e“m80p2e rAor. . D .” (A lst.), Irene dethroned; and the accession of Nicephorus, twentJy -eiag ht^h ‘ Byzan‘
In the beginning of the Ninth century” (R. H. Major in soc. Haki., see Ebn Wahab), arrival
of Solimán the merchant at “ Canfu ” or Canton. He found there a Muslim judge, presidi..» over
those of his own religion, under appointment from the Chinese emperor
.y m u m y d f i u m o f Tropical Asia. Called in Britain basd (Prior), in Yemen “ hæ bak” or
usually as m Egypt ■ nhan ; ’ in which we recognize the “ rihan Soliman ” — knovvn “ at Ispahan”
according o Ebn Masawia, and Avicenna mentioned also by Ebn Baitar (the name in common with
he Greek origanon ’ is derived from the Hebrew “ ryh ” meaning odour): O. basilicu.n is known
to be cultivated in Persia (Pers.); was observed by Forskal under cultivation in Yemen ; by him,
and Belon, m the gardens of Egypt; again by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople; and is well
known in the gardens of Europe (Bauh., and Blackwell pi. .04). Eastward, has been long cultivated
in Hindustan, is called in Bengalee “ babooitulsee,” in Hindustanee “ kala-tulsee ” or “ pashana
religiosum of Tropical America? A shrub, small-flowered, and called in the
environs of Bombay “ deo kapoos ” or “ ek sheng kapoos ” (Graham), on the Feejee Islands “ ngal-
ingah (H ale) ; and possibly the “ plant yielding fibre resembling cotton” that vvas “ introduced by
a native of India” in “ 799 A. D ,,” — and cultivated for “ some thirty year.s” in Southern Japan
(jap. c. c 74): cotton according to Schouw 149 has been cultivated in China only from foe Ninth
century (A. D ec.), referring perhaps to nankin cotton, yielded according to Royle by this species ;
a variety bearing nankin-coloured wool was observed by Forster on Taheiti (Royle him. 99), and
cotton-wool of this colour was seen by Peale on the Feejee Islands : cotton was seen on the Flarque-
sa.s in 1793 ly capt. J. Roberts (hist. coll. Mass. iv. 245) : G. religiosum, frequent about the dwellings
of the natives on the Hawaiian, Taheitian, Samoan, Tongan. and Feejeean I.slands, so far as observed
by myself hac uniformly white wool, and the only use made of it was for lamp-wicks among the
Taheitians. Westward, G. religiosum according to Roxburgh has only recently been introduced
into Hindustan; was observed by Graham “ at a temple in Giergaum road Bombay,” and by Elphin-
stone at Rutnagiree. Transported to Europe, is described by Linnæus, and Cavanilles vi. pi. 164.
G. Barbadense, by some writers regarded as not distinct, i.s de.scribed by Plukenet aim. pl. 188
(Pers.J, and was observed by Swartz under cultivation in the W est Indies (A. D ec.).
OF AC COM PA N Y ING A N IM A LS A N D P L A N T S. 6 2 5
cheddee,” in Tamil “ tirnoot-patchie,” in Telinga “ vepoodipatsa” (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede
X. pl. 87 in Malabar, and called “ soladi tirtava ; ” by Graham, “ in gardens ” at Bombay, “ used in
seasoning dishes ; ” by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, from Travancore to Oude and Bengal ; and
according to Ainslee, the pilose variety is employed to assuage the pains of childbirth. Farther East,
IS enumerated by Mason as “ exotic” in Bunnah. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it continues to be abundantly cultivated.
“ 804 A. D. ’ (mei. Remusat iii. 278), arrival in China of a Japanese ambassador accompanied
by Kobou-daisi. Who now made the acquaintance of Hindu priests, and obtained from them books
on religious subjects, especially one that had been translated from the Sanscrit. — Returnin» “ in
8B0u6d,”h iasmnd inh aJvaipnagn .invented the Dosia powder, Kobou-daisi contributed largely to the extension of
“ 805 A. D . = ‘ young-tching,’ ist year of Chun-tsoung, of the T hang” or Fifteenth dynasty — (Chinese chron. table).
(SprOennge. opf. 2th2e3 )c. apitularia by Charlemagne respecting villas or country-seats is dated in this »vear
Sium angustifolium of Northern climates. Called in Greece “ nërôsëlinôn ” (S ib th )- the
S I L U m of the capitularia of Charlemagne — is referred here by Antony, and Sprengel : S. an»usti-
folmm IS known to make good fodder for cattle : is termed “ s. sive apium palustre foliis oblonris ”
by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to grow in watery places throughout middle Europe as far as
Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 247, Gouan, Jacq. austr. pl. 67, and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sib-
thorp in watery places in the Peloponnesus ; is known to be widely extended (A. D ec.); as far East
accordino; to A. Gray as “ Michigan ” in America.
Tragopogón porrifolius of the Uralian plains. Called in English gardens salsify, in France
“ salsifis,’ in medieval Latin “ solsequium ” (Prior), in Germany “ haberwurzel ” (Grieb), in Greece
“ trilioura " (I raas) ; m which we recognize the S O LS 6 q U I 2. of the capitularia of Charlemagne : —
T. pornlolius is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced into Britain after the departure of the
Romans, but escaping from cultivation had become naturalized before the days of Gerarde ; is naturalized
also on the neighbouring portion of the continent (Koch, Wats., and L ed.) ; was observed by
Foiskal in cultivated ground near Marseilles ; and is termed “ t. purpuro-cæruleum porri folio quod
artifi vulgo” by Tournefort inst. 477. Eastward, was observed by Sestini (Sibth.), Chaubard, and
I-raas, from Constantinople to the Peloponnesus ; is regarded as indigenous in Dalmatia (V is. fl. ii.
loS, and A. D ec.) ; and was seen by Soujef dearly indigenous on the Lower Yaik (Pall. trav. iv.). By
TE.u rcorpoecaifno lciuoslo.)n ists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated '(See
Arctium tomentosum oi fii extern Ywxope. The p à .rd u n 2 „ of the capitularia of Charlema»ne
— may be compared with the medieval “ bardana,” referred here by Willdenow : A. tomentosum /a s
poib. s6e4r2v,e da nbdy P Aelrliso.)n.i m Southern France (Steud.), and is known to grow as far as Denmark v(f l ■ Dan •
Rumex acutus of Western Europe. The “ parduna” of foe capitularia of Charlemagne — is
lowever referred here by Antony, and Sprengel : R. acutus is described by Linnæus; and is known
to grow m Italy and France (Pollin. veron., Lenz, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.).
■ ■ fCiOit y-Tfirs t” dPai'r of rof J'4a6p6atnh. of Synmu,” art de verif.), Kouan-mu succeeded by his son Fel-dsio, now
chro! ™ fe/'™ ‘ ist year of Hien-tsonng, of foe Thang ” or Fifteenth d yn asty-(C h in ese
“ During the youan-ho of Hien-tsoung ( = S06 to 820,” Remus, mei. iii. 86), tribute sent by the Lower or watery portion of Cambodia to China.
n f T ró"; mLlnigl.t” (Blair), occultation of Jupiter bv the moon “ in 2 ° 2 / ot Libra. Observed in France by the monk Aimoin.
Oxaiis acetosella of Northern Europe and Asia. Called in Britain gowk-meat or wood-sowr or
y d -so rre l, y o in English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian alleluia (from flowering between
-astet and Whitsuntide when Psalms 113 to 117 ending with this word are sutig. Prior) : the K l l e -
— /r ®‘Y"®®®taated among the ingredients of a compound medicine used in the time of Charlema»ne
Eckhard, and Spreng.) : the “ geaces sure ” is mentioned in the Anglo Saxon Leechbook i -»“13
MIC the pants cuculi ” in the Ortus Sanitatis 16 : O. acetosella is termed'“ oxys flore albo ” by T ou rn /
I mst. 88; was observed by Desfontaines on mount A llas; by Savi, in Etruria; and is known to
^ ow thioughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 980, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). East-
Mc, was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus, also near Constantinople; by Bieberstein, on
. ucasiis ; by Thunberg, on mount Fakon in Japan, and called “ katabami.” The plant according to
rfeevtee rs an"d1 i.tnaftleatma'Sm®afoto"rLy” c‘1a “segsf ”o i(i Lsicnodrlb.)u.tic,” and infused in milk or water “ forms a grateful drink in
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