I, 'li t
This tree (according to Broussouel) yields sandarach, called in Egyptian “ vanë ” (Arab, transl.
e.x. X X X . 34) or “ stiriakë ” — (K irch .): “ sandarake ” or “ sandarahe” is mentioned as a vegetable
product by Menecrates, Aristotle an. viii. 24, and Pliny xi. 7. From “ the resinous substance called
sandarach” is “ prepared the pounce employed in rendering parchment fit to write upon” (Lindl).
1173 B. C. (= 115s + his “ 19th y ear” ), the accession of Ramessu IX. Khaem-miamun,
seventh king of the Twentieth dynasty, may be placed provisionally at this date. His
name occurs at Medinet Abu, and on two stelæ — now in Berlin (Glid. analect.).
1 172 B. C. X— 1071 “ 23 -)- 30 + 48 y e a rs ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 134, see
also Apollod iii. 14. 15, and Pausan. i. 2. 5), Pandion succeeded by his son Erechtheus,
seventh Attic king. Erechtheus is mentioned by Homer il. ii. 547 and od. vii. 81 ; and according
to some writers, was an Egyptian (Diod. i. 29, and Leps. eg. and sin. p. 3S3).
His brother Butes now hereditary priest of Neptune: this being the original worship in Attica
(Isocr. panath. Ixxviii. p. 273. c., and Apollod. iii. 14. (). The temple called the “ ërëhthëiôn,”
situated on the acropolis at Athens, is mentioned by Herodotus viii. 55.
Senecio vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain groundsel, in
Aimlo-Saxón “ grundsweige,” by Galfridus pr. pm. “ chynchone,” in medieval Latin “ ceneceon”
(Prior), in France “ seneçon ” (Nugent), in Italy “ erba calderugia ” or “ solleccione ” or “ senecione”
(Lenz), in Greece “ ôglëgôras ” (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the “ sënëkiôum” of the Romans
identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ ërigërôn ” or “ ërëhthitës” (named apparently from Erechtheus
and his temple on the Acropolis) : — the “ ërigërôn,” old in the spring from flowering throughout
the winter, is mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 7. I to caus. i. 22. 4 ; is termed “ acanthida” by Callimachus
from its heads of down resembling those of thistles, by others “ pappus ” (Plin.) ; is yellow-
flowered according to Dioscorides and growing chiefly in cities and along walls ; and is identified
by Ebn Baitar with the “ shih elrabia : ” S. vulgaris was observed by Delile at Damietta in Egypt;
by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent about dwellings from the Peloponnesus throughout
Greece; is known to occur also along the Taurian mountains and in Siberia (Bieb., and Ledeb.).
Westward, the “ erigeron” or “ senecio” is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 106: S. vulgaris is described
by Brunfels i. p. 119 (Spreng.) ; is termed “ s. minor vulgaris” by Tournefort inst. 456 ; was observed
by Munby in Algeria, by Forskal on Malta, by Lenz in Italy; and is known to occur in waste places
as far as Lapland and Iceland (Hook., Fries, and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to
Madeira (Lowe, and A. Dec.) ; to the Falkland Islands (D u rv , and J. D. Hook.) ; and before i66g
(Jossel.) to Northeast America, where it has become frequent in our Northern States, in one winter
observed by myself flowering until January in the streets of Boston.
1171 B. C. = “ 3d year of Ramessu IX .,” on the monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 589).
Of hymns and prayers to particular deities “ composed in the reign of Ramessu IX .,” several
— were procured at Thebes by Lepsius eg. and sin. 392.
“ 1169 B. C.” (Diodor,, Euseb. ii. p. 299, and Clint, i. p. 23), a change in naval dominion. The
“ empire of the s e a ” acquired by the Lydians and Mæonians. — Held by them “ ninety-two” years.
On the death of Polydorus son of Cadmus, Nycteus father of Antiopa governing Boeotian Thebes
during the minority of Labdacus (Apollod. iii. 4. 2, and Paus. ix. 5).
Ferula Tingitana of Barbary. Pills of “ amnwniacr employed in Egypt medicinally and called
“ kelleck ” are mentioned by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., and “ ca la k ” was ascertained by Rouyer
to be brought “ from Barbary: ” agreeing therefore with the “ ammôniakôn” of Amythaon — (G a l) ,
Hippocratls (Pereir.), Antipater, Callinicus, Meges, Triphon, Servilius Damocrates, Galen comp,
med. gen. vii. 7, and Paulus Aegineta, termed “ thumiamatos ” by Andreas, “ guttae ” by Scribonius
Largus, and described by Dioscorides as the juice of a “ narthekos ” growing in Libya and together
with its root called “ agasullis : ” two kinds or qualities are distinguished by Dioscorides, and Pliny
xii. 49 and xxiv. 14; gum ammoniac is mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna; and the plant producing
it was observed by Shaw, and Jackson, in Barbary, and is described by them as belonging to
this genus (F. Adams) : F. Tingitana is described by Hermann par. pl. 165, Morison ix. pl. 15, and
Rivin/s pentap. iii. pl. 10 ; and is known to grow in Spain and Morocco (Pers., and Lindl), but
according to Viviani not as far East as Cyrene. The “ fetid gum resin ammoniacum ” according to
Lindley “ is chiefly employed as a discutient and expectorant.” (See Dorema.)
Ninety-fourth generation. May ist, 1167, mostly beyond youth: Salmon (Ruth iv. 20, and
I Chron. ii. 11), the high-priest Abishua ( i Chron vi. 5, Ezr. vii. 4, and Jos. v. 11. 15) ; and among
Greeks, Hyagnis the earliest fiute-player known to the Greeks (Plut. mus., and others).
The city of Ilium or Troy, founded by Hus (Euseb.). Ilus, brother of Assaracus and father of
Laomedon, — is mentioned by Homer il. xxiv. 215 to 240.
In Boeotian Thebes, death of Labdacus shortly after his accession, leaving a son Laius “ a year
old.” Lycus, who succeeded his brother Nycteus as regent, made war against Epopeus fourteenth
king of Sicyon, and brought back his own niece Antiopa (Apollod. iii. 5. 2, and Pausan, ix. 5).
1 159 B. C. ( = 1 138 y. 3o2|-| d. -J- “ 20 years ” of Judg. iv. i), Eglon king of Moab, slain by Ehud ;
and shortly afterwards, the Moabites defeated in battle by the Israelites.
1 158 B. C. (= “ i6th year of Ramessu IX.,” on the monuments — (Leps. k. tab. p 19, and Birch).
In this year ( = 1141 + “ 17 years ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 129, see also Apollod. ii. i. 4,
Pausan., and Clint.), Abas succeeded by his twin sons, Acrisius at Argos, and Proetus as king at
Tiryns. The walls nf Tiryns built by Proetus — (Strab. viii. 6. 11, and Pausan. . . ) are mentioned
by Homer il. ii. 559, and from their colossal dimensions continue to excite admiration to the present
day (Sm. geogr. diet.).
S a lix vimitialis of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in France and Britain osier,
in medieval Latin “ oseria” (Prior): the earliest Greek shields, as those carried by Acrisius and
Proetus, were woven of “ itëa ” — (Pausan. corinth., and Fée) ; “ itëinôisin ” shields are mentioned
by Theocritus xvi. 79 ; the bending of “ salignas umbonum crates,” by Virgil aen. viii. 632 ; manufactured
articles of wicker-w'ork, by Plato vii. 23 ; “ ôisuinôs,” by Homer od. v. 256; and the “ oisua ” is
enumerated among the signs of water by Democritus (Cass, geopon. ii. 6) : S. viminalis was observed
by Sibthorp in moist situations in Greece and around Constantinople. Westward, willow-grounds
“ salicta ” are mentioned by Ennius, Cato, and Cicero ; the person having charge “ salictarius,” by
Cato ; slender withs “ vimines ” by Caesar, Varrò, and Columella ; “ salices fecundae viminibus,” by
Virgil ; and the cultivation and product of “ salicis viminalis,” by Pliny xvi. 68 and xvii. 32. Farther
North, articles of fine osier-work have been found in debris of the lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon
p. 465 arid pl. vii. 22); S. viminalis is termed “ s. folio longissimo angustissimo utrinque albido ” by
Tournefort inst. 591 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow along banks
of streams throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Hoffin. pl. 2, 5, and 21, Lam. fl. fr., and
Engl. bot. pl. 1828). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where I have occasionally
observed it cultivated.
In Thessaly, a city called “ Larissa ” founded by king Acrisius ; a temple to Ceres at Ther-
mopylæ, is also attributed to him (Callim. e. 41, Pausan. ii. 23. 9, and Steph. Byzant.).
As early perhaps as this date (Graha Munjari tables, Puranas, and Bentley as. res. viii. p. 232),
Rishyasringa reigning in Hindustan.
“ In the reign of Proe tu s” (Tat. and Clem. Alex., see also Thucyd. ii. 5, Isocr., Lycurg., and
Pausan. i. 31. 2), invasion of Attica by Thracians under Eumolpus, assisted by the citizens of Eleusis :
apparently a religious war between the partisans of Neptune and Minerva. Erechtheus was supported
by Ion, but was slain (Philochor., Strab., and Pausan. i. 38. 4). He was succeeded by his
brother Cecrops II., eighth Attic king. The date is confirmed by Tatian and Clemens Alexandrinus,
who make Ion and Cecrops II. contemporary with Acrisius.
1 155 B. C. (= 1071 -j- “ iSth -j- 67 y e a r s ” of Castor in Euseb. i. p. 131 = “ 85th y e a r ” of Syncellus,
see also Homer il. ii. 105), Pelops brother of Broteas appointed curator of the Olympiads at
Pisatis.
The most ancient statue of Cybele mother of the gods on the rock of Coddinos on mount S ip ylus,
made by Broteas.brother of Nio be— (tradit. of the Magnetes in Pausan. iii. 22, 4). The statue
has been recognized as the Niobe turned to stone of Flomer il. xxiv. 603, Ovid met. vi. 155, and
Pausanias viii. 2, continues extant (Van Lennep in trans. Amer. Orient, soc. May 1867), and is the
earliest specimen known of Greek art (see Mycenae).
The same year ( = 1613 y. 2 mo. — “ 393 — 66 yrs ” of Josephus, Manetho in Jos. c. A . i. 26
giving 1221 y. 2 mo. — “ 66 y r s ” =: 1155 y. 2 mo, and the Euseb.-Maneth. table 991 -)- “ 130 -f-
7 + 26 yrs ” = 1 154), possible date of the sacrilegious plundering of ten royal tombs at Thebes, and
punishment of the offenders in the “ 19th year of Ramessu IX .” — After his “ 19th year,” Ramessu
IX, associated his son in the government (Birch).
Helleborus Orientalis of the mountains of Asia Minor and Greece. Called by the Greeks
“ skarplië” (Sibth.), by the Turks “ zopteme” (Lindl): the “ ëllëvôrôs melas ” with which the daughters
of Proetus were healed by Melampus son of Amythaon — (Hesiod in Apollod ii. 2. 2, Diosc., and Plin.
X X V . 21), mentioned also by Euryphon 2 morb. 34, Theophrastus ix. 11, and according to Dioscorides
having the root purgative and flower purplish, is referred here by writers : H. Orientalis is termed
“ h. niger Orientalis . . . . flore purpurascente ” by Tournefort cor 20 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and
Fraas, on the mountains of Asia Minor and Greece, frequent also in the environs of Constantinople ;
and is known to grow in Macedonia and Thrace (Spreng.). Farther South, the “ ëllëvôrôs melas”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ zômaritis” of the prophets, and “ is a ia ” or “ ëlaphuës ” or
“ k ëm ë lëg ” of the Egyptians ; and roots of “ helleborum nigrum” were found by Forskal mat. med.
used medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the “ helleborus” is mentioned by Plautus, Horace, and
Virgil, and the medicinal use in Italy of “ elleborum nigrum ” (probably imported roots) is implied by
the account of Pliny xxv. 2t to 94. The root of H. Orientalis according to Lindley “ is acrid and
violently cathartic” but “ is still used in the Levant.” (See H. niger, and Vcratrum nigrum.)
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