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4 6 4 CHRONOLOGICAL A R R A N G EM E N T
147 ; and is known to grow in Southern Europe and in Britain (Pers., and Engl. bot. pl. 393). By
European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Jossel.) to Northeast America, where I have met with
it along roadsides ; was also carried to Southern Brazil, where it was observed by Aug. Saint-Hilaire
(A. D ec.), and myself, in the environs of Rio Janeiro.
“ 13 B. C.” (Sm. b. d.), Herod accompanied by his friend Nicolaus of Damascus visiting Rome
and Augustus. D a/es of superior quality presented by them were termed by Augustus “ nicolai,” — a
name that continued in use in the middle ages.
Euphorbia simplex of Tropical Arabia. The “ barba jovis ” consisting according to Nicolaus
of Damascus plant, ii. 9 of a sfem without leaves or fruit, — may be compared : E. simplex was
observed by Forskal among the mountains of Yemen, and c.alled “ dahan ; ” by myself, on the
Desert hills at Aden and Muscat, a green cylindrical sprout, like a terminal twig of E. tirucalli, but
upright, a foot or more high, and sometimes with a few branches.
¿>odada decidua of Tropical Arabia. The fruit of the “ myrobalanorum arboris ” described by
Nicolaus of Damascus plant, ii. 17 as at first “ dulces, consequenter pontici, et in completione amari,”
— may be .compared : S. decidua was observed by Forskal p. 81 everywhere in Yemen, a thorny
shrub called “ sodad,” its fruit “ ruber nuce coryli major,” and before ripening cooked and eaten bv
the Banyans.
Leptadenia reticulata of Tropical Hindustan. A large twining Asclepiaceous plant with corky
much-cracked bark (Graham) ; and the “ medianniis ” described by Nicolaus of Damascus i. 13 as a
plant all bark, — may be compared : L. reticulata was observed by Law, and Graham, “ common in
hedges about Surat and in the Soutliern Mahratta country ; ” by Retz obs. ii. 15, Ro.xburgh, and
Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; is termed by Roxburgh “ asclepias suberosa.”
“ 12 B. C ” (Dio, and Clint.), Lepidus succeeded as pontifex maximus” by Augustus ; and tjie
pontifical books numbering about “ two thousand ” burned, with the sole exception of the “ Sybilline
Oracles.”
C. Julius Hyginus of Spain, a pupil of Ale.xander Polyhistor, and freedman of Augustus, having
charge of the Palatine library (S u eton , and Sm. b. d.).
Daphne cneorum of the W est Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy “ neoro ” (Lenz), and
possibly the “ cneoron” identified by Pliny xxi. 29 with the CASIAM of H yginus,— and further
enumeiated as coronary: the “ casiae daphnitidis ” is mentioned by Marcellus 25 : D. cneorum, is
described by Linnæus ; and is known to grow on the mountains of Austria, Italy, and Southern
France (Poll., Jacq. auslr. pl. 426, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers. ; see D. Gnidium).
“ In or about B. C. 10” (Sueton , and C. O. Muell. edit. F est.), the grammarian Verrius Flaccus
appointed tutor over the two grandchildren of Augustus. — Verrius died in the reign of Tiberius
(Sm. b. d.). A portion of his lexicon has been preserved through abridgments by Pompeius Festus,
and Paulus Diaconus.
“ 9 B. C.” (Abyss, chron., and C. Mull.- geogr. min. p. xcvii), accession of Za-Bazen as king of
Abys.sinia.— He reigned “ sixteen ” years.
“ 8 B. C.” (Dio, and Clint.), the empire for another “ ten years ” accepted by Augustus ; and
the name of the month Sextilis changed by the Senate to “ augustus.” The Calendar also corrected
by .Yugustus (Blair), “ by ordering the twelve ensuing years to pass without intercalation.’
“ 6 B. C. = ‘kian-ping,’ ist year of Gai-ti or Hiao-ngai-ti, of the H an ” or Sevent
Seventh dynasty
(Chinese chron. table).
“ The same year ” (Dio, and Clint.), the tribunician power for “ five years ” conferred on Tiberius
; and his retirement to Rhodes, — where he remained “ seven years.”
Apollonius before the time of Archigenes lived long at Alexandria, perhaps Apollonius Mus a
coteraporary of Strabo. Apollonius Herophileus — is quoted by Andromachus (see Sm. b. d.).
Pluchca Dioscoridis oi the Upper Nile. Called in Egypt “ barnuf” (Forsk.) ; and the KONY-
ZHC: 6 YUJA0 YC prescribed by Apollonius for pain in the head — (Galen comp. med. ii. i), may
be compared: the “ barnuf ” is mentioned by Eltamini, and Ebn Baitar: P. Dioscoridis was observed
by For.skal p. 14S, and Delile, cultivated for its fragrance in Lower Egypt, and escaping from gardens
naturalized along the Nile ; by Rauwolf pl. 54, at Tripoli in Syria.
“ S B. C.” (according to Clinton iv. p. 14, see al.so Matth. ii. 16 to 22, Luke i. 5 to ii. 39, and
Sulpic. sacT^hist. ii. 39), “ the most probable ” date of the Nativity.
To Strabo xvii. i. 34 visiting the Pyramids, the nummulites abounding in the subjacent rock
were pointed out as the “ food of the workmen.” — The same legend that is repeated by the Arabs to
travellers to the present day.
Ascending the Nile in company with Aelius Gallus now third Roman prefect, Strabo heard the
sound uttered by the broken colossus on the plain of Thebes. This statue of Amenophis III.—
some seventy years later, became an object of pilgrimagé ; as recorded in history, and shown by
Greek and Roman inscriptions covering the base ; certificates of visitors who had “ heard Memnonl'
OF A C COM PA N Y ING A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S. 4 6 5
In the reign of Septimius Severus, the colossus was repaired with separate blocks of stone, and has
since remained silent, (see Champ.-Fig. p. 76).
Continuing on to Syene and the Red Sea, Strabo ii. 5. 12 found in the harbour of Myoshormos
“ one hundred and twenty ships ” engaged in voyages to India.
The TAA AC: AFPIAC described by Strabo iii. 2. 6 as imported from Lybia into Spain, and
sent with the mouth tied into rabbit-burrows to expel the inmates, — were of course the ferret,
Mustela.
Oenanthe crocata of Western Europe. The Spanish are described by Strabo iii. 4. 18 as having
in readiness a poison producing death without trouble, prepared from a plant resembling smallage
CCAINUJ: TTPOCOMOIAC — (a substitute for the “ kônëiôn” of the G reeks); O. crocata is
described by Matthioli 628 (Spreng.); is known to grow in “ wet .places common in the west of
Europe ” as far as France, and Britain, where it is called dead-tongue or hemlock-dropwort (Pers.,
Engl. bot. pl. 2313, and L indl). Further according to Lindley, “ a dangerously poisonous plant, the
cause of many fatal accidents.”
Quercus humilis oi the West Mediterranean countries. One to two feet high; and the small
oak growing according to Strabo iii. 2. p. 388 within the Pillars of Hercules, its fruit eaten by tunny-
fish,— is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : O. humilis is described by Lobel ic. ii. p. 157, and
is known to grow in sandy situations in Portugal and France (Pers.).
Stipa tenacissima ot the Mediterranean countries. The C XO I N OTT A 0 K I K H N : CTTAPTON
described by Strabo iii. 4. 9 as abounding near Saguntum in Spain and exported to Italy, — is referred
hereby Sprengel: Pliny xix. pand xxiv. 40 speaks of the “ africanum vel hispanum spartum” as
unknown in the time of Homer, and of the “ spartum ” having come into use since the days of Theophrastus
: S. tenacissima is termed “ spartum” by Clusius hist. ii. 220, “ gramen spicatum quod
spartum Plinii ” by Tournefort inst. 518 ; and is known to grow in Barbary and Spain (Desf. pl. 30,
and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp on the hills of Attica in Greece.
Papyrus Pangorei oi Tropical Hindustan. A species oi paper-rush called in Bengalee “ ma-
doorkati ” (Drur.) ; and the BY B AO C is attributed by Strabo xvii. 2. 4 to both Egypt and India : —
P. Pangorei was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay ; is termed “ cyperus tegetum ” by
Ro.xburgh, and was observed by him, Wight, and Drury, “ common in ditches and borders of tanks”
in the peninsula and Bengal : the fioor-mats so common at Calcutta are made of the split stems, and
according to Mason v. 520 are imported into Burmah.
Rumex A byssiniais oiE asiern Equatorial Africa. A species of dock,-perhaps included in the
n o A eaten according to Strabo xvii. 2. 2 by the Ethiopians: — R. Abyssiniens was received by
Jacquin hort. iii. pl. 98 from Abyssinia ; was observed by Grant from “ 2° N .” on the N ile to “ i°42'
S.,” the “ people of Fipa at 8° S. are said to eat its leaves.”
Aerua lanata of Tropical Africa and Arabia. Called in Yemen “ schadjaret el athleb ” (Forsk.) ;
and possibly included in the “ p oa” of Strabo, eaten by the Ethiopians : — A. lanata was observed
by Grant from “ 7° 30' S. to 2° N .” on the Nile, a “ potherb, grows prettily over huts like an ivy ; ”
by Forskal p. 48. along the base of the mountains of Yemen. Farther East, by Rheede x. pl. 29 in
Malabar, and called “ scherubula ; ” by Graham, “ a common w eed” around Bombay, where also it
appeared to me only naturalized ; by Retz, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan, and by Burmann
pl. 60 on Ceylon ; by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah ; by Blanco, little known to the natives on
the Philippines, but called in Tagalo “ bonga bonga.” Through European colonists, was carried to
Brazil, observed by myself frequent in the outskirts of Rio Janeiro.
Corchorus . . . . sp. oi Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the “ poa” of Strabo,
eaten by the Ethiopians : — observed by Grant common from “ 1° to 2° N .” on the Nile, a foot high,
its leaves used for making a stringy spinage.
Crotalaria glauca of Equatorial Africa. Called there “ m’cæwæ ” (Grant) ; and perhaps included
in the “ p oa” of Strabo, eaten by the Ethiopians : — observed by Grant In “ plantain-groves Unyoro,”
near the Equator, three feet high and its flowers pods and leaves eaten as spinage by “ the people
of Madi.” From transported specimens, described by Willdenow (Steud.).
Celosia trigyna of Tropical Africa, Included perhaps in the “ p o a ” of Strabo, eaten by the
Ethiopians ; — received by Linnæus from Senegal (Pers.) ; and observed by Grant from 2° to 3° N.
on the Nile, “ by huts Nov. 1862,” eaten as a potherb.
Narcissus? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the “ pôa ” of Strabo, eaten
by the Ethiopians : — observed by Grant in “ sandy moist places about 6° S.,” eight inches high, its
leaves tasting of onions and made into spinage.
Veliheimia sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the “ p ô a ” eaten by the
Ethiopians : — observed by Grant in swamps from “ 6° S. to 1° N .” on the Nile, its flowers collected
for spinage.
Urginea ? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Included perhaps in the “ p ôa” eaten by the Ethi-
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