“ thniai ” or “ thmaio ” or “ thmëi ” justification, to justify, just and true ; “ thahs ” or “ tliôhs ”
unction, to anoint ; “ thlë ” or “ thlëli ” or “ thôftëf ” to distil by drops. — The character occurs
from the Third dynasty to the Ptoiemies (Leps. cl. ii. pi. s, iv. pl. 36, and k. pl. 5 and 7). n“ tshthom ” or “ thaëit or “ haëit ” porch, gate, door ; “ thouai ” or “ thvai ” threshold, cell ;
“ hth e s ” or “ thous” lop; “ thaë ” end; — in Plebrew the fourth letter “ th ld ” meaning gate or
door. The cliaracter occurs under the . . . . dynasty (sepulchr. tablet Brit, mus., Buns, and Birch).
ps, its pervading meaning to lapse.
M “ shaps ” shoulder-blade or shoulders ; “ haps ” of necessity, it must needs be ; “ shatps ” fail-
^ ing, maim. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead, also under tlie . . . . dynasty (Buns,
and Birch). The substitution of the ram —¡e g occurs in the Book of the Dead, and from the Seventeenth
dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. k. pp 25 to 36 and 57).
The dorcas antelope is besides figured entire as a hieroglyphic character— (Champ, diet. 126) ;
and the living animal may probably inhabit Egypt on its borders.
{Octopus “ pôlupôtha ” signifying having consumed the sustenance of others and his own ;
for in the absence of other food the animal eats its own arms, Horap. ii. 106) ; “ sh ip s ”
wrinkles of the brow, extremity of the skin of the eyes and ears ; “ laps ” any one ; “ shilapsi ” or
“ lap s i” to bite; “ lapsi ” or “ lëpsë ” morsels ; — in colloquial English “ crow-feet." The character
occurs from the Third dynasty to the Ptolemies (Leps. d. ii. pl. 18, and k. pl. 5 to 58).
-,yg. sledge: “ a p s ” number, “ daps ” to number; “ p s i t ” or “ p.sis” nine; “ jp-psitë ” the ninth
hour. — The character occurs from the Fourth dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Twenty-
fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 98, and k. pl. 24 to 47).
(crocodile incurved signifying going down, Plorap, i. 66) ; “ psanë ” waves ; “ saps ” or
® “ sëps ” or “ sops ” supplication, prayer. — The character occurs in the Book o f the Dead,
and from the . . . . dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic rvriting (Champ, gram. 74 and diet. 176, Rosellin.
mon. stor. ii, 25. 7, and titles of Vespasian, Buns, and Birch),
u long or Û, in Greek ou, its pervading meaning a truce,
T (moou with its horns turned upward in the beginning and first half of the month, Horap. i. 4) ;
“ ôutë ” between ; “ ôuôtsh ” interval ; “ aôuô ” covenant. — The character occurs under the . . . .
dynasty (Sharpe pl. 16, Buns, and Birch). A second form ^=¡=0 occurs under the Twentieth dynasty
(Leps. d. iii. pl. 227). A
(bull tied with wild fig signifying made wise by misfortune, Horap. ii. 73) ; “ ouëm-
“~^^®^^hët” or “ ôuôm-hët” to chew one’s heart, repent ; “ sat-ôuëm ” or “ sathmi” rumination,
“ sathmi ” to ruminate. — The character occurs under the . . . . dynasty (tablet biblioth. Paris,
Buns, and Birch).
(eagle carrying a stone signifying safely dwelling in town ; for the bird carries a stone to its
V l nest, rendering it more stable, Horap. ii. 46) ; “ ouëhsôi ” or “ ôuahsôi ” roof ; “ ouahmi” or
“ ôuahmë ” upper chamber, floor or story ; “ vôuka ” city ; “ ouëh ” or “ oiieh ” or “ ôuôh ” or “ ôuôli ”
to sojourn, dwell ; “ phôôui ” or “ ëtphô ” or “ ôuëtpô ” burden, “ aouin ” ship’s lading ; “ ouaji ” or
“ 5u5j ” or “ ôuôj ” safe ; “ ôujai ” safety. — The character occurs as early as the . . . . dynasty (Champ,
gram, i u ) . A second form U occurs under ihe Eighteenth dynasty (Luxor obelisk, Champ, mon.
iv. pi. 320). p
(quail’s bone “ ôrtugos ostëon ” signifying permanence and security, the bone of this animal
being insensible to pain, Horap. ii. 9) ; “ môun ” to bear patiently, endure ; “ moun-evol ” to continue,
permanence ; “ mëtôuvëh” baldness. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty and
perhaps the same under the Fourth (Leps. d. ii. pl. 3 and 17). ,
(scarus “ skarôn ” signifying gluttonous ; being the only kind of fish that ruminates, de-
vouring all small fishes that come in its way, Horap. ii. 103) ; “ ôuisi ” to swell ; “ ôualë ” to
increase ; “ ôuëtshsi ” breadth, “ ôuôtshs ” breadth, big fish ; “ ôuômt ” fat ; “ ôuam ” or “ ôuëm ” or
“ ôuôm” to eat; “ ôôushôuësh” to chew; “ ôuëm-mëtsh ” voracious, eating many; “ rëf-ôuôm ”
glutton; “ ôuôôlë” or “ ôusia” riches; “ nouf ” or “ nouv ” gold. — The character occurs from the
î'ourth dynasty and the Book of the Dead to the Eighteenth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 28, iii. 32, and
papyri, Buns, and Birch).
The scarus of the ancients has been identified, and is known to inhabit the Eastern portion of
the Mediterranean. — The account of the “ skarôn ” ruminating, is also given by Aristotle, and Pliny
ix. 29; and the latter states, that the living fish was successfully introduced along tlie Italian coast by
Optatus Elipertius in the reign of Tiberius Claudius.
■yjj ^ “ SÔUSÔU ” m om e n t ; “ ôunôu ” or “ éunôu ” h o u r ; “ ôunôôuë ” or “ ôunôôui ” h o u r s ;
“ rôuh ë” or “ rouh i” evening; “ ôutshë ” or “ ôuôtshô ” or “ ëutshë ” niglit; “ haôu ” or
“ hôôu ” or “ ëhôôu” day. — The character occurs in the Book of the Dead v. 15, 29, and Ixv. 146.
(moon with its horns turned downward signifying month, Horap. i. 4 and 63); “ ô ô u ” or
“ ôôh ” or “ iôh ” moon ; “ sôua ” or “ souai ” new moon or month. — The character occurs from
the beginning of the Seventeenth dynasty to the Persian conquest (Leps. k. pl. 23 to 49).
iSs
(a woman or Isis signifying year ; Isis being the dog-star, by the Egyptians called “ sôthis,”
Horap. i. 3) ; “ sou ” or “ siôu ” star ; “ siôd ” or “ shiôd ” or “ sôun-hôôr ” the dog-star or Sirius ;
“ siôth ” or “ sôth is” dog; “ rompi” or “ rômpë ” year, “ rmpôôuë ” years ; — compare also the
name of the city of “ Siôut ” or “ Siôôut ” or “ Siôôuth ” or “ Siôôut,” to tlie present day called Siüt,
but by the Greeks (Strab. xvii. i. 40) translated “ Lukôpôlis.” The character occurs as early as the
Fifth dynasty (Leps. d. ii. pl. 44 to 64). A second form occurs from tlie Seventh dynasty to the
Ptolemies (Leps. k. pl. 6 to 54). ]j
V (“ kôukôupha ” hoopoe, and hoopoe-headed sceptre, signifying gratitude, the bird alone among
animals taking care of its parents in their old age, Horap. i. 52) ; “ kôukôuphat ” hoopoe ; “ hmat ”
“ hmôt” or “ tënhôut” grace, favour; “ ôu rô t” to give thanks.— The character occurs on the
Gliddon mummy-case and from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2,
and k. pl. 25 to 61). A staff agreeing with the above figure, was found by myself on the pilgrim route
near Suez ; and on being shown at Mocha, was recognized as of the pattern in vogue in Western
Arabia.
The hoopoe, Upupa epops, was observed by myself frequent in Egypt ; at least during the winter
season.
(stag’s horn signifying long-lived ; for the animal renews its horns yearly, Horap, ii. 20) ;
“ ëiôu l” or “ ëiëôul ” or “ ëôul ” stag ; “ taiou ” fifty ; “ pëstaiôu ” or “ pstaiou ” or “ stau ”
ninety; “ noutf” to be reconciled. — The character occurs under the Third dynasty (Leps. d. ii.
pl- S)-
The stag, Cervus elaphus, known therefore to the Egyptians at the time of the invention of writing
: — apart from hieroglyphic writing, the stag is figured under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan
in hunting scenes belonging perhaps to a more Northern climate, for according to Pliny viii. 51, Africa
does not produce stags : this or an allied species is however known to inhabit Barbary ; and Wilkinson
anc. Eg. iii. p. 23 was informed, that stags are sometimes seen near the Natron Lakes in Egypt.
In Palestine, the “ ayl ” is mentioned in Deut. xii. i ; , xiv. 5, Psalm xiii. i. Cant. ii. 9 and 17, Isai.
xxxv. 6 ; and the “ aylë ” or female, in Gen. xlix. 21, 2 Sam, xxii. 34, and Cant. ii. 7. In Greece, the
“ ëlaphôs ” is mentioned by Homer il. i. 225, Sophocles aj. 178, Euripides iph. t. 1114, and Xenophon
anab. i. 5. 2 ; and according to Pliny viii. 50, “ cervi ” sometimes swim in companies from Cilicia m
Asia Minor to Cyprus. As inhabiting Italy, the “ cervus ” is besides mentioned by Ovid ; the “ cerva
aeripes,” by Virgil ; and the “ cerva silvicultrix,” by Catullus. Farther North, the stag abounded in
Switzerland during the Stone period; as appears from debris of the earliest villages (Heer, in Troyon
p. 270).
(cobra with the tail covered by the remainder of the body, by the Greeks called “ vasiliskon,”
by the Egyptians “ ôuvaiôn,” signifying an age or lifetime “ aiôna,” Horap. i. i) ; “ ôviôn ” serpent
; “ ÔU1-5 ” or “ rrô ” king ; “ ôuaëitsh ” or “ ôuaitsh ” or “ ôuôeitsh ” or “ ëuôëitsh ” or “ sëu ”
o r ' “ sëôu ” time, period of time ; “ m ô u h ” to fill, “ s i ” or “ sëôu ” or “ s e u ” filled; “ nôuoshë ”
bounds; “ n ou ” to expect; “ nôu ” n ow ;— in Latin “ aevum ” an age or lifetime. The character
occurs from the Third dynasty to the end of hieroglyphic writing (Leps. k pl. 5 to 62).
shgh (shibboleth of Judges xii. 6), its pervading meaning harvest. ( “ 6sg ” or “ ôgs ” or “ olis ” or “ ôsg ” sickle, harvesting ; “ shaiôsg ” reapers ; “ ëhs-kam ” to
cut reeds ; “ sëhshms ” to collect spikes of grain ; “ ôuôtsh ” fissure or cleft. — The character
occurs from the Third dynasty to the Greek conquest (Leps. d. ii. pl. 2, and k. pl. 5 to 50).
â “ g ëm s ” or “ gëms ” ear of corn; “ hëms” ripe standing wheat; “ sôuô ” wh ea t; “ ô s g ” or
f “ ôsh ” or “ ohs ” or “ ôhs ” harvest ; — the sound shgh is preserved in Egypt, being the only 1 sound that the camel will obey, and therefore learned by camel-drivers ; traces may also be found
in the Hebrew “ shbld ” spike of grain ; and in English, in the manner in which some persons pronounce
“ shkat ! ” . The character occurs as early at least as the Eighteenth dynasty, and continues
in use (Leps. d. iii. pl. 97, and Champ, diet. 228 and gram. 370).
Triticum turgidum of the East Mediterranean countries. Downy wheat is distinguished in
Egypt and called “ qamh a’ra b y ” or “ qamh sebaqeh ” the strongest (Del.), and may prove the kind
cultivated at the time of the invention of writing : — standing crops of bearded wheat are figured
under the Fourtli dynasty at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pl. 9), but nowhere on these nor on subsequent monuments
with the minute accuracy required for distinguishing species : the “ qmh ” is mentioned in the
history of Abraham (Gen. xviii. 6), and in the legislation of Moses (Numb. v. 15) : the “ olura” in
the days of Herodotus was the favourite food of the Egyptians, is mentioned besides by Homer il. v.
196, and Dioscorides as cultivated among the Greeks, by Pliny xviii. 19 as confined to Greece, Asia
Minor, Syria, and Egypt : seeds unrolled in mummies were recognized by Decandolle pbys. veg. 694
as those of T. turgidum ; the living plant was observed by Forskal, and Delile, abundantly cultivated
in Egypt ; by Bory, under cultivation in the Peloponnesus ; according to Koch, occurs at Constantinople,
Trebizonde, and in the Tschoruk country ; but appears to have continued unknown in and
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