I ta
1 6 6 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
aculéis ” by Tournefort trav. i. pi. 88 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from Crete
and the Peloponnesus to mount Athos, the young sprouts collected and eaten ; by Forskal, and
Uelile, was observed in Lower Egypt. Westward, the ■* asparagus ” leafless and altogether thorn is
mentioned by Pliny xxi. 54 ; A . aphyllus is described by Morison i. pl. I, and is known to grow
in Sicily, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal (Pers.). “ A. horridus ” regarded as not distinct, was
observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus, is known to grow also in Barbary and Spain (Desf., Cav. ii. pl. 136,
and Pers.).
Corydalis solida of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The “ thgséión ” flower of which
the Ariadne gariand was made — according to Timachidas (Athen.), may be compared; the root
of the “ theséiou ” is eumerated by Theophrastus vii. 12. 3 as tuberous “ képhalórrizón,” bitter, and
purgative: C. solida was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in Boeotia and the Peloponnesus from
the fertile plains to the higher portion of Taygetus near the snow. Westward, the account of the
“ thesium” by Pliny xxi. 67 to xxii. 31 seems taken from Theophrastus : C. solida is termed “ f. bulbosa
radice non cava major” by Tournefort inst. 422, “ pislolochia solida” by Bernhardi ; and is
known to grow in shaded situations throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 1224,
Engl. bot. pl. 1471, and Pers.).
1094 B. C. ( = 1078 + his “ 17th y e a r ” on the monuments = 1280 y. 2 mo. — “ 55
— 66 — 40 — 26 y.” in the Euseb.-Maneth. table), accession of Ramessu X I I I . Flhaem-
mianun-nuterhikten, eleventh king of the Twentieth dynasty. His name occurs at El
Kab, Karnak, Gurna, and on a stone — now in Cairo (Glid. analect.).
The same year ( = 1071 -j- “ 23 years ” of Castor in Euseb.), Theseus being absent
or excluded from Athens, the accession of Menestheus son of Peteus as Twelfth Attic king.
Examples have been already given of Scriptural names of animals and plants continuing in use
in Egypt : but further, many names current there are found to go behind the formation of the Greek
language, supplying the meaning of obsolete Greek words, and showing relationship, the more intimate
as we recede into antiquity.
Next after Olen and before Homer, hymns to the gods composed at Athens, and first by Pamph
o s— (Pausan. ix. 27. 2, and Philostrat. her. p. 693).
Narcissus tazetla of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ toumpakia” (Fraas), in
Egypt “ nardjis,” in which we recognize the //ARKIESOE of Pamphos, — the Cyprian Verses, hymn
to Ceres, Hippocrates, Theoplirastus vii. 12, Plutarch sympos. iii. i, Pausanias ix. 31, and the “ nar-
kissos én més6 krókoéithés ” of Dioscorides referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas: N. tazetta was
observed by Wheeler, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, wild and frequent in Greece; by Forskal in
the gardens of Constantinople, “ introduced from Cyprus ; ” by Forskal, in gardens at Cairo, and by
Deiiie, “ growing spontaneously in gardens at Damietta.” Westward, the “ narcissus” of Ovid
metam. iii. 509, and the “ calyx herbaceus ” kind of Pliny xxi. 12 and 75, are referred here by Fraas ;
N. tazetta is termed “ n. medio luteus copioso flore odore g ra v i” by Tournefort inst. 354; and is
known to grow in Italy, Barbary, Portugal, Spain, and Southern France (Barrel, pl. 918, Desf. i. p.
282, Pers., and Lenz). Is enumerated among medicinal species by Lindley.
Narcissuspoeticus of the mountains of Southern Europe. Called in Italy “ giracapo ” or “ tazzette
seivatiche ” or “ narciso poético ” (Lenz), and possibly the “ narkissos ” of Pamphos : — the “ narkissos
éupnóos ” fragrant, is mentioned by Moschus ii. 65 ; the sweet-scented mountain kind is pronounced
the best by Dioscorides, and his “ narkissos én mésó pórphuróéithés ” is referred here by writers :
N. poeticus was observed by Wheeler on Helicon and other mountains of Greece (Sibth.). Westward,
the “ purpureas narcissus” is mentioned by Virgil e e l iv. 34, and the kind “ flore candido
calyce purpureo ” by Pliny xxi. 12; N. poeticus is described by Camerarius (Spreng.) ; is termed
“ n. albus circulo purpureo ” by Tournefort inst. 353 ; is known to grow wild on the mountains of
Northern Italy and as far as central France (A. Dec., and Lenz) ; is besides cultivated for ornament,
and has become naturalized in various localities as far as Belgium and Britain (Wats.). By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues to be a favourite garden flower.
According to Lindley, “ the bulbs have considerable energy as emetics,” and “ in doses of two to
three drachms the extract is a deadly poison.”
1091 B. C. ( = 1071 “ 20 years ” of Herodotus ix. 26, and Clint, i. p. 79 to 106), First invasion
of the Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae. Met on the Isthmus by the Achaeans, lonians, and the
Arcadians of T eg ea ; and Hyllus the Heraclid leader slain in single combat by king Echemus of
Tegea.
The worship therefore of Samson or Hercules advancing rapidly throughout middle and Western
Europe. — T f ie “ temple to Hercule s” supposed by Ephorus to exist on Cape Sagra in Portugal,
was found by Artemidorus to consist of only “ three or four stones put together in many places,”
which the inliabitants taught by their fathers said was the work of Hercules (Strab. iii. 1 .4 ) ; an
account clearly referring to cromlechs.^ Druidical circles are perhaps less ancient; but Druids were
seen m France by Posidonius, and Caesar; and as appears from Pliny xvi. 95 “ sexta luna quae
principia mensium annorumque his facit et seculi post tricesimum annum” the sixth day of the
moon which is the beginning of their months and years and of their thirty-year period, the Druids
used the calendar year of twelve lunations, and were acquainted with the “ Cycle o f 360 lunations =
10,631 days. ^ (See mount Nebo, Deut. xxvii. 5, Jeroboam, and Amaziah).
Ireland inhabited as early probably as this date, and crannoges (palisaded villages on lake islets
rod simals) perhaps already constructed ; — they are mentioned in Irish annals “ from the Fifth cen-
/ Í ®’^ of them continued
extant as late as 1610 (Wilde, and Troyon p. 87 and pl. 2).
The kinds of timber employed in these crannoges include “ aulne,” A lu u s glutinosa (Troyon
p. 458).
z ■ of animals in great quantities on the site of these crannoges, those of the extinct
Irish elk, Cervus . . were probably merely collected in the fossil state. Implements are inter-
A ro / s e e T r o -^ ! / " ' degrees of antiquity, some made of stone and possibly belonging to the Stone
Of plants less anciently cultivated in Switzerland during the Stone Age, possibly therefore as
early as this dfoe, the following are enumerated (by Heer, in Troyon p. 443) ; the pear, Pyrus communis;
sour cherry, Cerasus avium; plum or bullace, Prunus insititia ; Iwo-xowed barley, Hordeum
vulgare; spelt, Triticum spelta; and T. monococcum.
Of forest trees and shrubs, the following are enumerated (by Heer in Lee's edit. Keller) • Puni-
perus communis and P ir u s sylvestris. '
Besides the manufacture of metallic implements throughout middle and Western Europe, the
Bronze Agexs especially marked by the change from burying to burning the dead — (Troyon 302).
il C n 7 (Euseb. and Chnt. 1. p. 23, Diodorus’ numbers giving 1 169 — “ 92 ” = 1077)
Second _ change in naval dominion. Leaving the Lydians and Mæonians, the “ empire of thè
sea acquired by the Pelasgian Greeks. — Held by them “ eighty five ” years.
1088 B. C. ( = 107 t - f “ i8th year ” o f Castor in Euseb. i. p. 131, and of Clemens Alexandrinus),
Thyestes succeeded at Mycenæ by Agamemnon, son or grandson of Atreus and now A rr ive kin<z
P o ro / mi / 1 7 '• P- see Homer i l iv. 406), Second wmr agrinst
Boeo lan -Theb^ Dtomed being old enough to take part. On the capture of the city, its wall was
demMislmd, and the Cadmeans with their king Laodamas expelled from Boeotia. — A t a later period
the Gephyraei, a Phoenician and Cadmean family or clan, were allowed to reside at Athens ; and are
specially noticed by Herodotus v. 57 to 61.
^ Puscus hypoglosnim of the mountains of Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. Called in Italy
bonifacia or “ bislingua ” or “ lauro alessandrino ” ( Lenz). in which we recognize the “ alëxanthrëia
foaphne with which Alexander or Paris was crowned victor in the Games at Troy — (Stapel ad
Theoiffir.), termed “ epiphullocarpus ” by Theophrastus i. to and iii. 17, and identified by Dioscorides
with the stëphancn ” or “ ithaian ” or “ thanaën ” or “ upöglöttön ” or “ zalëian ” growing on mountains
and having red fruit in the middle of the le a f; R. hypoglossum was observed by Sibthorp on
mount Athos and in thickets towards the Black Sea. The “ laurus alexandrina” or “ hiporiottion ”
or “ carpophyllon ” growing mostly on Ida and about Heraclea in Pontus always on mountains, is
mentioned by I hny xv. 39 and xxiii. 80 : R. hypoglossum is described by Matthioli p. 829, is termed
r. angustifohus fructu folio innascente ” by Tournefort inst. 79, and is known to grow in shaded situations
on the mountains of Hungary and Italy (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz).
Puscus hypophyllum of Southeastern Europe. Called in Greece “ körallövötanön ” (Sibth ) in
Egypt “ qafandar ” (Del.) : the “ hamaithaphne ” by some called “ alëxanthrëian ” — (Diosc iv 1I7)
mentioned by Theophrastus iii. 18, and described by Dioscorides as having laurel-like but smoother
leaves with red fruit attached to the leaves, is referred here by Columna ecphr. i. p. 165, and Sibthorp •
K. hypophyllum was observed by Sibthorp in the woods on mount Athos ; and by Delile, in the B x -
dens of E g p t . Westward, the “ chamaedaphe ” is mentioned by Pliny xv. 39 and xxiv. 81 as a
woodland shrub “ silvestris frutex ; ” R. hypophyllum is termed “ r. latifolius fructu folio innascente”
by Tournefort mst. 79 ; and is known to grow on hillsides in Italy (Pers., and Lenz)
Daphne laureola of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A shrub two or three feet h i «
called in Bntmn or laury (Ainsw.), or copse laurel or spurge laurel (Prior), in France “ la u re o ll”
(Nugent), in Itriy “ laureola ” (Lenz), in which we recognize the “ lauréola” of the Romans identified
with the ‘ thaphnilen ’ in Syn. Diosc. iv. 147: the “ daphnoides” or “ stephanon alexandri ” — or
‘ Itelasgum or “ eupetalon” of Pliny xv. 39, or the “ thaphnôëithës ” growing according to Diosco-
ride.s in mountainous situations, a cubit high with thong-iike branches leafy from the middle upward
the leaves laurel-hke but not easily broken, burning the throat if tasted, and the ripe fruit black
dearly belongs here; D. laureola was observed by Sibthorp in shaded situations on the Bithynia:!
Olympus. Westward, is described by Anguillara, Dodoens, Lobel, and Cæsalpinus (Spreno- ) • is
: h;
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