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4 1 4 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
by Gibson, and Graham, “ common in Kandesh ” and “ in some parts of the Northern Concan,” givin»
employment to a “ curious tribe of people called Kuttoorees ” (Mackintosh bomb, geogr. soc. 1838)"
by Ain.slie, Roxburgh cor. ii. pl. 175, Royle, Wight, and Drury, from Malabar to Delhi and Bengal,
almost everywhere” as far as Madras, its dye called kamila used besides as a vermifuge ; by Me Clel-
land, and Mason v. 512 10543, indigenous in Burmah, and the powder on its fruit “ sold in the
bazars.” (See Calysaccion longifolium).
ATacaranga Roxburghii of Tropical Hindustan and Bnrmali. A peltate-leaved Euphorbiaceous tree
cfoled in Canarese “ chanda” (Bedd.), inthe environs of Bombay “ chanda” (Graham); and the “ chaiida”
of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. iii. lo) may be compared : M. Roxburghii vvas observed
by Graham 1284on the Ghauts and “ in both Concans,” the capsule “ size of a p e a ” and together
with the young shoots “ covered with a clammy substance having a strong turpentine smell; by
Beddome 55, as far as Madras ; by Roxburgh iii. 755, in Eastern Hindustan ; and by Mason 589, in
Burmah. Farther East, is perhaps the species seen by myself in wild situations in the Malayan
archipelago, and frequent in abandoned clearings on the Feejeean, Tongan, and Samoan Islands
Ficus (Covellia) glomeraia of Tropical Eastern Asia. A large tree called in the environs of
Bombay “ oombur ” (Graham); and the “ oudoumbara ” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut.
chik. 7), furnishing a staff for merchants in the Institutes of Manu ii. 45, nientioned also in the
Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 25 to 37), is referred here by writers : the “ ou-tan-po-lo ” seen by
the Chinese traveller Hiouen-thsang 3. in Hindustan is also referred here by Stanislas-Julien : F.
glomerata is nientioned in the Ramayana i. 4 (transl. Carey and Marshm.) ; is described by Roxburgh
cor. pl. 123 ; was observed by Graham “ generally by the banks of water-courses tliroughout the Concans
” and hence called “ water tree ” by the natives, who sometimes eat its fruit, outwardly “ much
like the common fig,” but “ in clusters from the large branches ; ” by Powell, in the Punjaub its bark
and root employed medicinally (Drur.). Farther East, by Blanco on the Philippines, and called in
Tagalo “ tibig na laiaqui,” in Bisaya “ haguimit” or “ aimit,” water for drinking procured by cutting
tlie root, and on Zebu in times of drought many of the inhabitants have no other resource
Colocasia macrorhizaoitheMa\ayanare\ny>e\ago. The large taro is called 011 the Hawaiian
Taheitian and Samoan islands “ ape,” on the Marquesas and Rarotongan islands “ kape,” on Ton»a-
tabu “ k a b e ” (Hale) ; in Sanscrit “ hasti-carni ” (Pidd.), and the “ histik a rn a ” is nientioned in tlie
stanzas of the Ayurvedas— (Susrut. iii. 2); C. macrorliiza was observed by Hermann parad. 73 on
Ceylon (Pers., and Spreng.) ; is known in Hindustan, and in the fresh state “ is employed by the
natives as an external stimulant and rubefacient” (Pharm. of ind., and Drur.). Eastward was
observed by myself under cultivation on the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian
I.slands, Its long large root the growth of several years, serving therefore as a safeguard against
famine ; by Rich, and Hale, on the Vaitupan and Tarawan coral-groups. By European colonists, was
carried to the Mauritius Islands, where according to Bojer it has become naturalized.
Curcuma recHnaia of Eastern Hindustan. Called in Bengalee “ kurboor ” (Pidd.) • and tlie
“ karbura” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas— (Susruti iii. 2), may be compared; C. riclinata is
described by Roxburgh, as observed by him in Eastern Hindustan (Steud.).
Cyperus juncifolius of Hindustan, Called in Northern Hindustan “ mutran ” (Honigb.), and
this or C. pertenuis in Sanscrit “ musta” (Pidd.) ; possibly therefore the “ musta” of the stanzas of
the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. v. 3) : C. juncifolius was observed by Honigberger 387 in Northern Hindustan
(J. F. Wats.).
Panicum fnimentaceum of Tropical Plindustan. A kind of millet called in Sanscrit “ shyamaka ”
(Pidd.), in the environs of Bombay “ shamoola ” (Graham) in whicli we recognize the “ syamaka ”
of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. chik. 5) : P. fnimentaceum was observed by Graham
“ cultivated in the Deccan ; ” by Sykes, Roxburgh, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of the
peninsula.
Raphis acicularis of Tropical Eastern Asia. A low troublesome grass called in Malabar “ kadira
pu llu ” (Rheede), in Burmah “ gnung-myeet ” (Mason): the “ sank’h in i” or “ chorapuslipi ” or
“ chanda” or “ kesini” or “ sv e ta ” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 10), is referred
here by Hessler; and the “ sankhapushpi ” of the Institutes of Manu xi. 147 is referred here liy Des-
longchamps : R. acicularis was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 43 in Malabar ; by Graham, in the environs
of Bombay ; by Retz, and Roxburgh, in Eastern Hindustan ; by Mason v. 477, in Burmah “ the
most common grass on the c o a s t ;” by Loureiro, in Anam; by myself, throughout the Mfoayan
archipelago, but not in wild situations ; by Blanco, everywhere known to the natives on the Philippines
under a Spanish name “ amores secos.” By Polynesian colonists, was carried throughout the
Tropical islands of the Pacific, from the Feejeean and Tongan to the Taheitian and Hawaiian groups,
observed by myself abounding in clearings along the coast and around native dwellings, but ii/t seen
on the widely-detached coral-islands.
O F A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 4 1 5
yielding terra japónica or catechu; articles made of its wood used according to Stevenson pref. vi.
by Brahmans to the present day in Vedic ceremonies. Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 487
to 525 “ indigenous ” in Burmah, and “ so abundant on the Eastern side of the mountains ” that the
inhabitants of a “ village of two hundred and fifty houses ” were all “ constantly engaged in making
cutch for the Shan market,” to be taken with betel. From transported specimens, is described by
Plukenet 111. 329; and by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.); also to
Jamaica, where it has become frequent (Macfad., and Lindl.).
Cocciiiia granáis of Equatorial Africa. A Cucurbitaceous vine called in Sanscrit “ jivaka ” or
“ vimbika” or “ vimba” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ jiv a k a ” of the stanzas of the
Ayurvedas, — “ bimba ” fruit of the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 273 to 617), “ vimba ” of Vaimiki
ram. v. 18, its fruit compared with lips by Kalidasa kum. iii. 67 to ragh. xiii. 16, and the “ vimbika”
of Susrutas sutr. 16 to chik. 22 : C. grandis was observed by Rheede viii. pl. 14 in Malabar ; by
Graham, “ common in every hedge and on old walls about Bombay during the rains,” its fruit “ when
ripe r e d ; ” by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan, and by Burmann pl. 19 on Ceylon ;
by Mason, seemingly wild in Burmah. Westward, by Grant in Unyoro on the Nile, garlands made
of its leaves by the Waganda.
Mimusops kauki of the Siamese countries. A tree called in Sanscrit “ ksheerike,” in Bengalee
“ ksheerni ” (J. F. Wats.) ; in which we recognize the “ ksliirika” or “ kshiri ” of the stanzas of the
Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 4) : M, kauki was observed by Rheede iv. pl. 25 in Malabar, cultivated
according to Drury on account of its acid and esculent f ru it ; by Powell, in the Punjaub, the leaves
bark and seeds employed medicinally ; by Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan ; but in the environs
of Bombay, was seen by Graham only in gardens of European residents. Eastward, was
observed by Mason v. 463 indigenous in Burmah, and raised besides from a dried fruit imported by
Chinese.from Singapore; is according to Drury “ extensively cultivated in China ; ” was observed
by Rumphius iii. pl. 8 around dwellings on Celebes, commonly planted for the elegance of its form
and the grateful shade. Westward from Hindustan, a single tree brouglit from abroad and having no
Arabic name, was seen by Forskal p. 82 at Beit el fakih in Yemen.
Plumbago Zeylanica of Tropical Arabia and Hindustan. Perennial and suffruticose, called in
Yemen “ liamsclied ” (F o rsk ), in Sanscrit “ chitruka” or “ pathin” or “ vuhni,” in Bengalee “ agnee”
or “ chitra,” in Hindustanee “ ch ita ” (J. F. Wats.), in Tamil “ cliitramoolum ” or “ kodivaylie”
(Drur.), in Guzerat “ cheetruck ” (Graham); in which we recognize the “ chitraka” or “ a gn i” or
“ pat’hi ” or “ vahni ” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut. sar. 3) : P. Zeylanica was observed
by Rlieede x. pl. 8 in Malabar ; by Vaupell, “ common in Guzerat in hedges by the road side,” by
Graham, on “ hills throughout the Concans,” the “ fresh bruized bark of the root ” sometimes “ used
for raising blisters ; ” by Roxburgh, Ainslie, Wight, and Drury, as far as Travancore and Bengal, and
used for other medicinal purposes ; by Mason v. 432, “ exotic ” in Burmah and cultivated for its vesicatory
root. Westward, the “ khamischah ” of Ebn Baitar is referred here by Sontheimer ; P. Zeylanica
was observed by Forskal along llje base of the mountains of Yemen. By European colonists,
was carried to the West Indies (Sloane i. pl. 133).
Curcuma zedoaria oi Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Sanscrit “ kinarista” or “ sholee ” or
“ sholika” (Lindl.), in Hindustanee “ zaranbad” or “ jadw a r” (D ’rozar.) or “ kakhura ” or “ kuch-
oora,” in Telinga “ kuchoora” or “ kiclilie-gudda,” in Tamil “ capoor-kichlie ” or “ pulang killungu,”
in Bengalee “ shutee ” (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay “ kutchoora ” or “ katchoramu ” or “ satee ”
or “ sotee ” (Graham) ; in which we recognize the “ sati ” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas — (Susrut.
iii.), and “ sliuthi ” enumerated by Carey and Marslinian among the ten drugs in the “ survousliudliee ”
of Vaimiki ram. ii. i : C. zedoaria was observed by Rheede xi. pl. 7 in Malabar ; by Graham, as far
as Bombay, producing “ the xedi zedoaria of the Materia M ed ica ;” by Ainslie, Roxburgh cor. iii. pl.
201, Wight, and Drury, as far as Ceylon and Chittagong, its root used medicinally, and an ingredient
in the red powder thrown about by the Hindus during the licence of the Hooly festival. Farther East,
is known to occur on “ the Asiatic islands” and as far as China (Rumph. v. pl, 68, and Lindl).
Westward, the imported drug “ zedoar ” ’is mentioned by Macer Floridus 71 ; “ zadawar ” or “ jadwar,”
by Rhazes, Ebn Sanhum, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar; and “ zedoar” was seen in Egypt by
Alpinus.
“ 1 17 B. C. = 6th year of the ‘ youan-tcheou ’ of Wou-ti ” (Chinese chron. table), beginning of
the Forty-third cycle.
The Plawaiian Islands colonized “ from T ah eiti” “ sixty-seven generations ” before our v is it: the
colonists being acquainted with the largest Samoan island Savaii, whose name was transferred to a
new island corresponding in relative size and in being actively volcanic, its North point receiving the
nameof the second Samoan island Upolu; while “ a small rocky is le t ” was called Le fuk a ,— its
current name “ Lehua” being the form the word “ would lake in the Hawaiian language.” Communication
was regularly kept up with the Marquesas Islands, two of which, Niikuhiva and Fatuliiva,
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