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Baisanwdendron agallocha of Northeastern Hindustan. A small tree called in Sanscrit “ goo-
gu la ” (Lindi.), in Bengalee “ go ogul” (Drur.) ; and its reputed product, called in Bengalee “ gu ggnl”
and in Hindustanee “ gu g a l” or “ muql” (Dtoz.), is possibly the “ vthlh ” in question ; — the kind of
“ vthellion” brought by the way of Petra from India is described by Dioscorides as inferior in
quality, emitting less fragrance when burned as incense ; and the “ indicum ” kind is distinguished
from the Bactrian by Pliny xii. 19: B. agallocha is regarded by Royle antiq. hind. med. as the probable
source of Indian bdellium; is termed “ amyris commiphora” by Roxburgh ii. 244, is known to
grow in Silhet and Assam, its trunk crooked rvitli many drooping crooked branches, the branchlets
often ending in thorn-like points, and the googul is collected from incisions in the cool season (Lindi.,
and Drur.). From transported specimens, is termed “ commiphora Madagascariensis ” by Jacquin
hort. ii, pi, 24g. (See B, mukul.)
Baisanwdendron Africanum of Equatorial East Africa. Called in the Kinyoro language
“ m’gazoo,” at Ugogo “ katatee” (Grant); and possibly included in the “ v th lh ” in question: —
observed by Grant frequent from “ 2° S. to 3° N.” on the Nile, and affording b'dellhnn, the “ Wan-
yamiiezi boil its gum, mix it with butter, and anoint their persons.” The plant, received from Africa,
is described by Arnott.
4271 B. C. ( = 4141 + “ 130 years ” of Gen. v. 3 = 4273 in Egyptian calendar years = 4493 —
of a “ phoenix” or (J of a “ Great Y e a r ” ), Adam.
Ficus carica of the countries around the Persian Gulf. Called in Britainyfg, in Greece “ su kea”
(Fraas), in Egypt and Yemen “ t in ” (Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ tane ” whose leaves were
sewed together for aprons — (Gen. iii. 7), mentioned besides in Numb. xiii. 23 and xx. 5, Dent. viii.
8, Micah iv. 4, 2 K, xx. 7, and Zechariah iii. 10: clusters of the fruit are figured among offerings
under the Fourth dynasty at Gizeh (Leps. d. ii. pi. 10) ; figures of the tree with its peculiar leaves
were observed by myself under the Twelfth dynasty at Benihassan, also under the Seventeenth and
Eighteenth; and to the present day the tree is commonly cultivated in the gardens of Egypt (Del.,
and Lane). Farther North, the “ suke ” is mentioned by Homer, Plerodotus, Aristophanes, and
other Greek writers ; a “ ficus ” was standing on the site selected for the city of Rome, and dried figs
carried by Helico home to Switzerland were among the novelties that brought on the First invasion
of the Gauls (Plin. xii. 2 and xv, 20): F. carica, belonging to a Tropical genus, does not harmonize
with the vegetable growth in the Mediterranean countries, but has at least become completely naturalized.
Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal only under cultivation in Yemen; and I
found it only in the cultivated state on Zanzibar. Eastward, is called “ unjeer” in Persian mid as
far as Bombay, “ dumur” or “ dumbar” in Bengalee ( D t o z , and Lindi.), occurs “ in gardens all over
India” (Graham), as witnessed also by myself ; and is enumerated by Mason as “ exotic ” in Burmah.
By European colonists, was carried to America, where it continues under successful cultivation in
our Southern States.
Scnecio Arabiens of Egypt and Northern Arabia. A kind of groundsel called in Egypt “ k u s ”
(Forsk.), in which we recognize the “ kw t z ” of the expulsion — (Gen. iii. 18), mentioned besides by
Isaiah xxxii., 13, Jeremiah iv. 3, and Ezekiel xxviii. 24: S. Arabiens was observed by Forskal, and
Delile, growing spontaneously around Cairo. From transported specimens, is described by Linnaeus,
and Moench (Pers., and Steud.).
Snceda hortensis oi Arabia and Egypt. A salsolaceous plant called in Egypt “ ta rtyr” (Del.),
in which we recognize the “ thrthr” of the expulsion— (Gen. iii. 18), and of Hosea x. 8 : S. hortensis
was observed by Delile growing spontaneously around Cairo ; by Forskal p. 71, frequent there in
gardens, growing also among rubbish around Ta:es in Yemen, but called “ mullah” in both localities.
“ S. trigyna” observed by Cavanilles iii. pi. 289 in Spain, is regarded by Schultes as probably identical
(S teu d ).
Anabasis aphylla oi the Egyptian, Syrian, and Tartarian Desert. Another salsolaceous plant
called in Egypt “ tartir ” (Forsk.), and therefore possibly the “ thrthr ” in question : — A. aphylla is
not a weed, but grows in the sands of the Desert; was observed by Forskal p. 55 around the pyramids,
and by Delile, near Alexandria. Farther North, by Sibthorp as far as Thyatira in Asia Minor ;
is known to grow also around Tripoli, and on the shores of the CaspLin (Buxb. cent. 1. pi. 18, Pall,
and Pers.).
Second generation, September ist, 4234, among living men.
The “ tzan ” of Genesis iv. 2 — is admitted to be the sheep (compare i Sam. xxv. 2) ; regarded
even by Dicaearchus, as probably the first animal domesticated (Varrò re rust. ii. 1). The sheep
forms one of the original hieroglyphic characters ; the breed being the remarkable one witli spreading
horns (Leps, d. ii. pi. 6), kept in flocks under the Third and Fourth dynasties; and after it
became extinct, the pattern of the head continuing in mythological representations and hieroglyphic
writing. Sheep with curled horns make their first appearance under the Twelfth dynasty, at Benihassan.
The long duration of certain breeds of sheep is shown by Dinon’s mention of the Somali
breed, covered with hair instead of wool ; and by the further remark of Marco Polo 192, that the
head is always black and the body white ; a peculiarity I found true to the present day. In Switzerland,
during the Stone Age, sheep were in some instances kept by the inhabitants ; as appears from
debris of the earliest villages (Herr, in Troyon),. Eastward, the sheep is mentioned in the Sama
Veda (Stevenson), and the Institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ; the head forms part of an
imaginary animal in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta; and I remarked ram-headed personages
In the Braminical cave-temples at Ellora, By European colonists, the sheep has been successfully
introduced into America, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia.
Abel slain by his brother Cain. Who departed to the land of “ nwth” refuge, “ east of Ed en ” ; —
and building a stronghold “ oyr,” named it after “ his son En o ch ” (Gesen., and Greenf.).
Third generation. Jan. ist, 4200, among living men : Enoch son of Cain.
Fourth generation. May ist, 4167, among living men : Irad son of Enoch.
4141 B. C. ( = 4036 “ 105 years ” of Gen. v. 6), Seth.
Fifth generation. Sept. ist, 4134, among living men : Mehujael son of Irad.
Sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 4100, among living men : Methiisael son of Mehujael.
Seventh generation. May ist, 4067, among living men : Lamech son of Methusael and the second
homicide on record, Adah and Zillah the two wives of Lamech.
4036 B. C. ( = 3946 -|- “ 90 years ” of Gen. v. 9), Enos. “ Then it was begun to call on name of
Jehovah ” — (Gen. iv. 26); essentially the invocation continuing among the Arabs to the present day.
Eighth generation. Sept. ist, 4034, among the living: Naamah daughter of Zillah.
Instruments of music invented by Jubal son of Adah (Gen. iv. 21).
The “ knwr” or harp invented by Jubal — is admitted to be some form of that instrument. Harpers
are figured in Egypt under the Fourth dynasty ; and under the Twelfth, a different form of harp
is carried by the foreigners at Benihassan. The “ knw r” is again mentioned in Gen. xxxi. 27 ; was
improved by David, Am. vi. 5, I Sam. xvi. 23 to xix. 9; was in use under Solomon and Jehosliaphat,
2 Sam. vi. 5, 2 Chron. xx. 27 ; and down to the captivity, Psalm cxxxvii. 2; and in some of these passages,
is translated “ kinura” in the Septuagint. The instrument figured on coins ascribed to Simon
Maccabaeus (Kitt. cycl, bibl. ii. p. 371 and 373), is probably the “ knw r ” of the Jews.
T h e “ ow gb” or organ invented by Jubal — is referred by Gesenius and others to the mouth-
organ or syrinx, also called “ Pandean pipe.” The “ surigx,” according to Horapollo ii. 109, forms a
hieroglyphic character ; and a character not unlike the instrument occurs on the monuments from the
time of at least the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The “ ow gb ” is again mentioned in Psalm cl, 4, Job xxi.
12, xxx. 31 ; and the “ su r ig x ” is regarded as of remote antiquity by Pindar xii., Aristotle poet, i,
Virgil eel. 11., and Athenaeus iv. 182. To the present day, the Pandean pipe is in use in Egypt and
Syria (Kitt. c y c l bibl.) ; and was seen by myself as far East as the Feejee Islands.
Tubal-cain son of Zillah is named in Gen, iv. 22 as the first worker of inetals, “ an instructer of
every artificer in brass and iron.” — Traditionar): reminiscences of Tubal-cain appear to have reached
the time of the Romans ; etymology identifying him with the Latin “ Vulcanus.”
The “ nhshd” is admitted to be copper, and may have been procured at Wadi Maghara in the
Sinai peninsula; if so, here will be the commencement of Monujnental history: — metals were
known to the Egyptians as early at least as the Second king of the Third dynasty (Maneth.), and
may have been procured from this very mine ; containing at least the hieroglyphic oval of a successor
in the same dynasty.
Commencement of Bedouin or iiomadic life in the Desert, by another son of Adah, Jabal by
name — and “ the fatlier of such as dwell in tents and (of such as have) c a ttle ” (Gen. iv. 20). Confirmation
is again found at Wadi Maghara, in the native figured under the Third dynasty, clearly
belonging to the White Race, and in features, beard and costume well representing the Arabs inhabiting
the Sinai peninsula to the present day.
Ninth generation. Jan. ist, 4000, among living men.
II. C O LO N IZ A T IO N OF E G Y P T .
In comparison with lands clothed with vegetation, Egypt presents a most uninviting aspect: an
upland waste of bare light-coloured soil, even where exposed to the sea air of the Mediterranean;
and on advancing inland, seeming interminable and destitute of vegetation.
The Desert is known to be intersected by a deeply-sunk narrow trench containing the river with
its borders rendered level by the overflow, and thus far covered with grasses and other herbaceous
and humble jrlants : a thread of green across a vast expanse from South to North, widening only on
reaching the many channels of the outlet. There are naturally no trees ; or at least, the willow
(Salix subserrata) at the river-brink is very rare, and seems properly to belong to Nubia.