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784 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT
lant diuretic, and cathartic properties,” and according to Hayne is furnished by various species:
“ balsamum copaivte ” was seen by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt.
Cofiaifra mulHjnga of Eastern Equatorial America. A forest-tree, perhaps the “ copan of the
Brazilians DldZlIlclilo - seen C5CC.11 by uy Lerius i-vi * 202., and •r e/---- f•erred ---to1 this t1ri*b__e xb_^yo S prengel:<„,• the copaiva by Nieuhoff in Brazil, wild and very ,lofty ; and according to Schomburgk otXU (note Ffo,to TT-»?tree o1l on1h £ si s observed Ralegh) grows nrnwc ta also
1Ysn
in in the the Guayana Guayana forest.
forest. C. multijuga according to Hayne furnishes the copaiva balsam exported from
Para (Lindl.).
a a Copaifera coriacea of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times, - and
observed by Martius in the province of S. Paul (Lindl.). ^
Copaifera Langsdorfii of Interior Brazil along the Southern Tropic. Known from early times, —
growing in the same district (Uesf. in mem. mus. vii. 376) with the last species, and both according to
Martius furnishing the iir/raz« of Brazil (Lindl.). ^ ,.
Anacardium Occidentale of Eastern Equatorial America. T h t cashezv-nui \a. a large Terebm-
thoid tree called in Brazilian “ aca-iou ” - according to Lerius 205, who found difficulty in distmgiiish-
it amon» high trees ; grows wild according to Piso 57 in Northern Brazil, and much nsed by the
mg
natives
now
am.
wild also in Guayana (Aubl. 392) ; but South of Lat. 13° was found by A. Samt-Hilaire
>vliere indigenous, by myself, only under cultivation : in the West Indies was observed by Jacquin
am 124 and Descourtilz, but no Carib name given, is probably only planted, as also in Nicaragua,
Panama’, and Guyaquil. and was not seen wild in the portion of America traversed by Humboldt and
Bonpland (A Dec.). By European colonists was carried Westward across the Pacific to the 1 hilip-
oines called in Ta»alo “ casoi,” in Ylocano “ ballogo,” and its fruit sold in market (Blanco) ; to the
nei»hbouring islands, its Malay name derived from the American (A. Dec.) and the tree toserved by
Rumphius i. 177 on Amboyna and Celebes ; to Java, cultivated there (Blume) ; to Burmah, ‘ exotic
and called there “ thee-ho-tha-yet ” (Mason); to Hindustan, having no Sanscrit name (Roxb,, and
Pidd) but called in Bengalee “ hijli-badam,” in Tamil “ mundiri-marum,” in Malabar “ paranki-mava
or “ kappa-mavakum,” in Telinga “ mimta-mamidi ” or “ jMdi-mamidi,” in Hindustanee “ kaju ” (Drar.),
was observed by C. Acosta in 1578 in gardens at Cochin, by Rheede in. pl. 54 hi Malabar, by Ko.x-
bur»h Wi»ht, and Drury, from Chittagong to Trichinopoly, by Graham as far as Bombay ; to Eastern
Eqitat’orial Africa (Lour., and myself) : also by European colonists was carried across the Atlantic to
the islands of Fernando Po and S. Thomas (fl. nigr. 288) ; and in French is called “ pommmr d aca-
iou ” (A. Dec.). From transported specimens, is termed “ anacardium indis familiaris” by Ruellius 1.
37 ; is mentioned also by C. Stephanus ; nuts brought from Brazil to Lisbon were seen by Clusius ;
were found by Rouyer imported by the way of Europe into Egypt.
ipomoea operculata of Brazil. Called there “ jeticucu” (Piso), and from early bmes employed
medicinally ; — observed -in Brazil by Piso 93, and Martius. Said by Guibourt to furnish a part of the
mechoacan of commerce (Lindl.). „ , , • - r u
“ 1341 A. D.” (Alst.), Andronicus III. succeeded by Joannes V. Palaeologus, sixty-fourth
Byzantine emperor. And in this year (Alst. p. 307), Mysia and Thrace devastated by the Turks.
“ The same year (= 742 Hej.,” Pall. trav. i. 192), date of the latest Arabic inscriptions in the
cemetery of the ruined city of Bolgari, on the Lower Volga. „ . c- 1
Cirsium heterophyllnm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A thistle called m Sweden
“ borstar” or “ gullborste ” or “ brundbor.ste ” (Linn.), and known from early_ times ; —termed
“ cirsium sin»ulari capitulo magno s. incanum varie dissectum” by C. Bauhm pm. 377, “ cirsium
sin»ulari capftulo squamato vel incanum alterum ” by Tournefort inst. 447, and known to grow m
me?ds throughout Northern and middle Europe (Engl. bot. pl. 675, Lapeyr. in act. toul. 1. pl. 19, and
Pers.) ; observed by Linnæus in Lapland and Sweden, in depressed situations m meads ; by
Haller pl. 21, in Switzerland; by Allioni pl. 34, in Piedmont; by Sibthorp, in the environs of Constantinople*
__________________
* Cirsium oleraceum of Nortliern Europe and Asia. A thistle, its leaves from early times cooked
and eaten by the Russians— (St. Bielke. and Linn.) : termed “ carduus pratensis” by Lobel ic. n.
II, “ cnicus pratensis latifolius” by C, Bauhin pin. 376; observed by Linnæus in Sweden, in moi.st
places in the open ground of Scania. „ , „ , -, Galium boreale of Subarctic climates. Called in Finland “ mattara,” and from early times its root
used there for dyeing wool — (Lin. fl. lapp.) ; observed by Linnæus very rare in Lapland, hut tve-
quent throughout Sweden; by Pallas trav. i. 45. on A® Volga below Moscow, but not East of the
Ural; known to grow as far South as Germany (Poll), France (Lam. fl, ir., and Pers.), and Switzer-
land (Wats.). Westward, was observed by Hooker on Iceland, and received from Canada from
to Nia»ara Falls; was observed by Darlington as far as 40° near Westchester, Penn.; by Pursh,
near wllksbarre and along the Lakes ; by Drummond, at 54° on the Saskatchewan ; by Nuttall, at
the Southern sources of the Columbia; and by Mertens, at Norfolk Sound on the Pacific.
«il
OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 785
Cyt/sus supinus of the Uralian plains. Called on the Volga “ raketnik ” (Pall), and from early
times valued there as excellent feed for sheep, — observed by Pallas i. 30 nearly a.s far West as
Moscow ; by Jacquin i. pl. 20, on the sunny hills of Pannonia and Austria; known to grow also in
Siberia (Pers.).
Silene Tartarica oi the Uralian plains. Known from early times:—ob.served by Pallas along
the Volga nearly as far West as Moscow ; described also by Linnæus, and known to grow as far as
Tartary (Pers.).
Cineraria palustris of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called on the Volga
“ vipadaschnaiatrava,” and from early times bruised with oil and applied medicinally, — observed by
Pallas as far South as the forest of Mourom ; by Lmnæus, in Scania in Sweden; and is known to
grow as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl 573).
S a h x arenaria of Northern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Its bark from early times
used in tanning Russia leather, —as witnessed by Pallas i. 70 at Arsamas on the Volga : S. arenaria
was observed by Wahlenberg in Lapland ; by Lightfoot, in Scotland ; by Haller pl. 14, on the mountains
of Switzerland ; and is known to grow in Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 197).
Iris Siberica of the Uralian plains. Called in Russian “ boubentschik ” (Pall.), and known
from early times : — observed by Pallas trav. i. 52 along the Volga ; known to grow also In Siberia,
and as far West as Austria and Germany (Jacq. fl. pl. 3, Roth, Moench, Pers., and Steud.).
Bidens tripartita of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain bur marigold (Prior), at
Constantinople “ agrio katëphithia” (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Russian “ tckerjoda,” and from early
times used on the Volga in dyeing —(Pall. trav. i. 95): the “ verbena supina” of Tragus 211 is
referred here by Sprengel: B. tripartita is described also by Ray syn. 187, and Thuillier 422; is
termed “ b. foliis tripartito divisis ” by Tournefort inst. 462; is known to occur in Britain and throughout
middle Europe (Curt. lond. iv. pl. 57, Roth, and Pers.) ; was observed by Brotero in Northern
Portugal; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, around Constantinople and Smyrna; by Bieberstein, along the
Taurian mountains; by Gmelin,-on the Tobol river in Siberia; and is known to grow in Dahuria :
the whole plant according to Lindley “ acrid and when chewed excites salivation powerfully.” Notwithstanding
its North American aspect, is given as distinct from B. frondosa.
Stipa pennata of the Uralian plains. A plumed grass called by Russians “ rovouil-trava,” and
known from early times,—observed by Pallas i. 262 frequent in barren soil on the Lower Volga.
Westward, is termed “ gramen spicatum aristis pennatis” by Tournefort inst. 518; was observed by
Sibthorp, and Gittard, from mount Athos to Cyprus and the Peloponnesus ; and is known to grow as
far as Germany and Sweden (Pers.).
Lycopodium complanatum of Northern Europe and America. Called in Sweden “ jcemna,” and
from early times used to dye wool yellow (Linn.) ; on the Volga, in dyeing generally — (Pall. trav. 1.
9+: termed “ muscus terrestris ramosus pulcher ” by Bauhin hist. iii. 757, “ sabina sylvestris ” by
Tillands pi. 6g, observed by him, and Linnæus, abounding in Sweden, though seemingly unknown in
other parts of Europe. Westward, was received by Dillenius muse. pl. 59 from America (Linn ) ; was
observed by myself frequent in the forest from 45° to 40° along the Atlantic ; by A. Gray, “ comnion ”
111 central New York, in one form e,xtending “ far northward ; ” grows according to Chapman in our
Southern States, in “ woods along the Alleghanies.”
“ The same year” (art de verif.), Na'ser suceeeded by Abubekr; and after “ forty days,” by
Koutchouk, twelfth Memluk sultan of Egypt.
“ July 1st ” (Boccaccio, Webb, and Major edit. Bethenc.), under instructions from Alphonso IV.
of Portugal, sailing of Angiolino del Tegghia for the Canary Islands, commonly called the “ Rediscovered.”
According to the Genoese pilot Nicoloso de Recco, in proceeding from island to island
the land was full of “ goats, sheep, and wild hogs,” and “ inhabited by naked men and women ” dwelling
in cabins “ made with much skill of square stones.” On one island, the sailors found a chapel or
teii£le containing only the stone statue of “ a man with a ball in his hand,” naked with the exception
of “ an apron of palm-leaves ; ” but in general they were afraid to land, and on no island did they
venture far from the shore. The natives communicated from island to island only bv swimming, and
of those swimming out to the boats, four “ were taken on board and afterwards carried away.” These
four were '■ courageous and very intelligent ” beardless young men, with “ handsome faces,” and long
light hair ” veiling their bodies to the waist; they “ were uncircumcised,” and wore only “ a sort of
apron” forming “ an eft'ectual covering,” that of the chief consisting of palm-leaves hanging from a
cord, that of the others of reed fibres “ painted in yellow and red:'” their language was unknown,
but “ was soft, and their pronuncialion rapid and animated like Italian;” they sang very sweetly,
and danced almost as well as Frenchmen; they were gay and merry, and “ much more civ'ilized than
many Spaniards ; ” showed ‘-remarkable faithfulness and honesty,” knew nothing of ‘-sabres,” nor
0 the use of “ gold and silver money.” “ Marriage was observed among them, and the married wore
aprons,” but -‘ the maidens went quite naked.”