M I J i » VÎof
St. Augustin Bay, and often forming considerable forests in the Interior, especially in the Emirne
district. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
»„11 ^Hafiagascar. Perennial, growing in the forests in the Interior, and
called tavoulou. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
c u U i Z t e I T f ( B o f T ^ Galega Island. Perennial. — Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and
Lomaría grandis oi Galega Island. A perennial vine, the young shoots tender and edible. —
Carried to the Mauritius Islands, and cultivated there (Boj.).
,, yea>'” (Liv., Blair, and Clint.), the Romans defeated in naval combat at Drepanum
on the Sicilian coast by the Carthaginians under Adherbal
247 B. C .+ r p h y r . , and Chnt. iii. p. 15), Ptolemy I I. succeeded by his son Ptolemy III
' consisting of “ Egypt, Lybia, Syria, Phoenicia. Cyprus, Lj-cia, 0 a, and the Cyclades (inscript. adul., and Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 141). Hieroglyphic ovals of
r u AI HH coins ar"e dited from the
p t io) Histronomical e ra ” was employed during his reign (Leps. eg. and sin.
^ With a naval force and the elephants brought by his father and himself from Adule Ptolemv I I I
mvaded Asia : and after rendering tributary “ Cilicia, Pamphylia, Ionia, the Hellespont, and Thrace,
a o s sed the Euphrates and e/ended his conquests over “ Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Susiana, Persia,
Media, ancl as far as Bactria” (inscript. adul., and Cosm. Ind. ii. p. 141).
. R lgm iu s caiharticus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain buckthorn
(Prior) in Germany kreuzdorn ” (Gneb), m France “ nerprun” (Nugent), in Greece “ ISukao-katha ”
in which we recognize the AKAN9 AI bearing round fruit o f Demetriul reb. æ g y p . - (Athen "xv U
•lëuken akandian ” identified by Antigonus with the “ leukas” (schol. Nic. 849), of which two kindl
are distinguished by Dioscondes, the “ lëukas ôrëinë ” having broader leaves than the “ ëmërôu ” and
more aciid and bitter but weaker fruit, both kinds employed against poisonous animals, those e.spe-
cially of the sea : R. catharticus was observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus. Westward the
rhammis^ c a l l« by the I rench “ neprum ” or “ burgam spinam ” is mentioned by Ruellius i. ita ■ 0 catharticus ,s termed “ cervi sp in a ” by Valerius Cordus; is described also by Tragus and
Tormnrfor mst. 593. and is knovvn to grow in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark
(to Dan. pl, 8^0 Pers., and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America where
tt continues under cultivation, chiefly for hedges, and escaping to wild situations in the forèst has
become naturalized (Barratt, Torn, and A. Dec.). The fruit according to Lindley is “ violently purgative,
but producing colic and “ only given in some kinds of dropsy.”
U J U T U oleoides of the Mediterranean countries. An allied spinescent species called in Greece
xulagkataa or mauragkathia ” (Fraa.s), and possibly the “ akanthai ” of D em e t r iu s ,-a n d one of
D r irU l r l h U U by Dioscorides ; R. oleoides was observed by Sibthorp,
DUrville, C h a u b r t , and Fraas, frequent in mountainous situations from the Greek islands to the
Peloponnesus. Westvyard, is termed “ r. hispanicus oleæ fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 593, and is
known to grow in Barbary, Portugal, and Spain (Desf., Pers , Brot,, and Steud.). Is enumerated
among medicinal plants by Lindley. ' “ “ “meuueu
1 + ° b a b 'y about this time (Sm. b. d.), the inventions of Ctesibius of Alexandria. He is said to
have been the first to discover the elastic force of air and apply it as a movin»- power
He ■"£ E E r + + of the Thsin ” of Sixth dynasty "(Chinese chron. table). 0 , 0 with rchmg-wang” or Chi-hoang-ti, “ son of Tchouang-siang-wang ” (Pauth.
f o u r t IU r e e U T / r o j ; i r im " ^3" Seleucus II. Callinicus,
2 ,1 J U ?■ " "J " ‘ ° ’"’"’"''’ ft ^toahavamsa giving “ 17th year of Asoka ” =
244), Third Luddhist council, king Asoka reminding the assembled priests that “ What had been
Dhlm . H J v U 1 'ft''® 7®" ®"'®'’” ^P°®‘‘yPbH writings being carefully excluded, the
a ’’ ®^'®7®f teachings actually uttered by Gautama or Buddha, was adopted
Mahinda, son of Asoka, was dispatched to Ceylon, where he converted Devanampriya Tishya
then reigning (Mahavans.). ^
Santalum myrtifolium of mountainous coasts in Southern Hindu.stan and the Malayan archi-
pelago as far as Timor Called m commerce sandal-wood, in Hindustanee “ sandal ” or “ chandan ”
P roz), at Bombay chundun ’ (Graham) ; and the fragrance of “ sandal-wood ” is menlioned in the
rnammapada 54 to 56, - the “ .santalon ” by Aetius, and Actuarius, and “ sandal ” by J. B. Amran
Rhazes, Avioenna, Edrisi, and Ebn Baitar: S. myrtifolium is described by Rumphius ii. pl, t i • vva.1
0 erved m Hindustan by Roxburgh cor. i. pl. 2 ; by Graham, “ in gardens about Bombay and In the
Deccan , and according to Royle, is indigenous on the mountainous Malabar co:ist. Farther East,
“ sandal” is said b + e ra p io n to come from China; “ sendal ” or “ sandoint” was seen by Marco
“ Meh ba r” and China; “ sandal-wood imported from Hindustan” was
sHe in the bazars ” of Burmah, “ being a favourite cosmetic
with maidens ; S. myrtifolium is mentioned also by Loureiro cochiuch. i. p. 87, and is known to
glow afo far as the island of Timor (Marsd. sum. p. 129, and Lindl.). Westward, was observed by
Bombay, as well as in Egypt, where it is enumerated by CIot-Bey as recently
3£7c,iL,f.)br£™.
■ Nymphoea rubra oi Tropical'Hindustan and Burmah, The red water-lih is called in Telinaa
yeria kulwa, m Hindustanee “ rukhta-chunduna,” in Bengalee “ buro-rukto-kumbal ” (Drur.) "n
0 Bombay “ kummul ” (Graham), in Burmah “ kya-nee ” (Mason) ; and the “ autumn
U p TI fi * e Dhammap«a 285 — may be compared : a tank glowing with water-lilies like the dawn
with the fiery beams of the rising sun, is mentioned in the Mrichclihakati (transl. H. H Wils ) • the
o b U r / d “ to Vétala panchavinsati i., may also be compared: N. rubra was
observed by Graham m the environs of Bombay, “ in tanks particularly in the neighbourhood of
caves 01 temples, its flowers “ of a dark crimson colour, very beautiful,” appearing “ about tlie close
of the rams ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as Tanjore and Benaal
Its capsules seeds and roots eaten by the natives, a kind of arro'wroot prepared also from the roots
and underground stems (Drur.) ; by Mason, indigenous in Burmah.
Sinapis dichotonia of Northeastern Hindustan. A species of called in Hindustanee
saison (Pidd,), m Assam “ sa rsu ” (Robinson) ; and “ mustard se ed ” is mentioned in the Dhammapada
401 to 407 : - t h e “ sarshapa ” or “ kshava ” of the stanzas of the Ayurvedas, prescribed as
an extei0 apphcation (Susrut. chik. 5), is referred here by Hessler : S. dichotoma is described by
r tx b u rg h Steud.) and is one of the kinds enumerated by Drury as extensively cultivated in India
for the oil yielded by the seeds, as well as for dietetical purposes.” (See S. juncea.)
Sinapis ramosa of Hmdustan. Annual ; and from early times, extensively cultivated for dietética
purposes, the oil from its seeds used also medicinally : — observecl by Roxburgh (Steud., madr
exn. rep., and Drur.). ^ ‘
nil l i T glauca Oi Hinclustan. Also from early times cultivated for dietetical purposes and the
oil from its seeds — (Steud., madr. exh. rep., and Drur.).
rabernoemontana coronaria of Tropical Eastern Asia. A flowering Apocynous shrub called in
Sanscrtt^ tugura, in Hindustanee and Bengalee “ tugura” (J. F. Wats.), in the environs of lîombay
tuggat (Graham) | a « the fragrant “ tagara ” of the Dhammapada 54 to 5 6 - may be compared :
the tagara prescribed by Susrutas chik. 15 to Jcalp. 5, is referred here by Hessler: T. coronaria
was 0 seivec by Rheede 11. pl. 54 m Malabar ; by Graham, at Bombay, very common “ in gardens,”
the flowers generally double ; ” by Roxburgh, and Ainslie, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Biir-
mann pl. 59, on Ceylon ; by Mason v. 412 to 799, “ exotic ” in Burmah, cultivated and its “ larae blue-
white double flowers ” worn in garlands, the original single-flowered kind comparatively rate.
„ + 0 “ f ‘ ll‘ atoda) vasica of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. A tall shrub calleci in Sanscrit
vasika or + 0 o o k « or “ singhée ” or “ singhashya ” or “ uturoosha ” or “ vajiduntuka,” in Ben-
0 ee bakus (J. I W a t s . ) or “ arusa,” in Tamil “ adatodai,” in Telinga “ adasaram ” (Drur.), in
le environs of Bombay “ adulsa ” or “ bakus ” or “ vasooka” (Graham) ; in which we recognize the
iragrant vassika shedding its widiered flowers of the Dhammapada 55 to 377 — also the “ vas ik a ”
or “ smhi ” or “ siidiasya” or “ atarusha ” or “ vajidanta ” prescribed by Susrutas sutr. 46 to chik.
3 7 . A, vasica vvas observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay, “ common as a hedge plant about
villages ; by Stewart, in the 'Punjaub ; by Roxburgh. Ainslie, and Wallich, as far as Bengal and
0 paul, the leaves flowers and root employed medicinally (Drur.) ; by Hermann lugd. pl. 643, and
i®^ " ’ Hasou, m Burmah, enumerated as indigenous. Transported to Eurone
IS described by Plukenet aim. pl. 173 ; and from Europe was carried to Northeast America where it
continues in greenhouses. ’
_ Andropogon muricaius of Tropical Hindustan. The cuscusgrass is called in Sanscrit “ virana ” or
viritara (W. Jones), in Tamil “ viranam ” or “ vetti-ver ” or “ vizhal-ver,” in Telinga “ vatti-veru ”
or ouru-veru,” in Bengalee “ shandaler-jrr ” or “ bala,” in Hindustanee “ balah ” (Drur ) • in which
we recognize the sweet-scented “ usira ” root of the “ birana” grass, mentioned in the Dhammapada
3o7 ; - t h e ■asmantaca” of the Institutes of Manu ii. 43, supplying in case of need a cincture for
ttiahmans, is referred here by Deslongchamps : rools were brought by Gautami to her pupil Sakuntala
(VV. Jones as. res. vm. 306): the “ u s ira ” is mentioned also by D'hanvantari (Susrut. sarir. iii 2)
0 ilaticlasa: A. muncatus was observed by Graham in the environs of Bombay; by Ainslie Retz’
W. Jones, ancl Ro.xburgh, in other parts of Hinclustan as far as Bengal, its roots interwoven in s’creeni
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