Judans nUra of Northeast America. The black 100111111 is a large tree, known to the natiyes
from early times - — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca found natives coming
to eat walnuts, of the size of those of Galicia (transl. B. Smith) : the “ black walnutt” with which
ships are laden, was seen by Strachey in 1610 on James river: J. nigra, though comparatively rare
alon» the .Atlantic, has been observed by myself from nearly 41° to 38° ; by Schweinitz, m 36 ; by
Elliot in the Upper country of Carolina, rare along the seacoast; by Chapman, in “ Florida, myd
northward ■ ” by N. A. Ware, from Indian river and Alachua to Opelousas ; is known to abound in
rich woods’from Lat. 43° on the Genessee Westward (F. A, Mx.) ; was observed on Long’s Expedition
i. 339 very little beyond 43° on the Mississippi; by Nuttall, in 34° m Arkansas ; by E. James,
on the Canadian branch of the Upper Arkansas ; and a walnut was seen by Pike ap. 22 at Carracal
in Lat, 30°. Black walnut timber is highly valued, much resembles mahogany, and has become a very
general substitute for cabinet furniture.
Ccl/is Occidcntalis of Northeast America. The liackberry or sugarberry is a tree, known to the
natives from early times and its fruit eaten: — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de
Vaca found the natives seeking the fruit of certain trees whibh is like a pea * (transl. B. Smith):
C. Occiclentalis has been observed by myself along the Atlantic from Lat. 43° to 39°;,by Tradescant,
in Vir»inia ; by Elliot, on the sea-islands of South Carolina; by Baldwin, as far a.s 31°, also on Bermuda?
by’chapman, in “ rich soil, Georgia, and northward;” by F. A. Michaux, in our Middle,
Southern, and Western States ; by Long’s Expedition ii. 36, on the Red river of the North as far as
49°. Transported to Europe in 1656 (Ait.), is described by Miller diet. pl. 88, and Scopoli li. too
(Pers.) ; and was observed by Ciot-Bey in the gardens of Egypt.
“ In this year (= 725 A. H.” of Ferisht., Elph,), Gheias-u-clin Toghlak succeeded by his son
Mohammed Toghlak, now fifteenth sultan of Delhi. — He patronized literature, founded hospitals
and almshouses, and acknowledged the Investiture of the caliph in Egypt.
“ In this year (= 725 A. H.” of Makrizi, De Sacy, and Gildem. p. 39), Ibrahim^ commanding a
ship from Calicut, weary of the impositions inflicted on merchants by a Yemen chief, entered the
Red Sea and proceeded direct to Djidda ; where he was honorably treated. — Others following his
example, Aden hitherto the stopping-place for vessels declined, and Djidda became the seat of commerce
with India. Euphorbia officinarum of Tropical Arabia and Africa. A cactiform spurge called in Yemen
“ schorur” (Forsk.), its stems congested in a tuft a foot high, and its milky juice from early times
employed by the Arabs as cathartic: — observed by Forskal p. 94 at Djobla among the mountains
of Yemen. Transported to Europe, is described by Commelyn hort. i. pl. 11, and Blackwell pl. 340
(Pers., and Lindl.).
observed by Nuttall in 38° in the Delaware peninsula ; by Pursh, in Virginia and Carolina ; by Elliot,
in South Carolina; by Chapman, “ in ooen or cultivated ground, common;” by Croom, as far as
30° 30' in Florida; by Baldwin, on Bermuda: Westward, by Pitcher on the Arkansas; and was
received by Muhlenberg from Tennessee. Transported to Europe, is described by I. Robin 3, and
Jacquin rar. pl. 187 (Pers.). .
* Celtis Missisippcnsis of the Lower Mississippi. Possibly the species m question, — and that
seen by Darby 119 at 31° in Louisiana : C. Missisippensis is described by Bose : was observed by
Nuttall on the Mississippi, Red river, and Arkansas, and termed “ c. integrifolia; ” by Chapman, as
far East as Apalachicola, but “ perhaps introduced; ” and was received by A. Gray from West Kentucky.
“ C. crassifolia,” ils leaves serrate but also having a long tapering point, was observed by
F. A. Michaux on the Ohio and in Tennessee, and by Nuttall on the Arkansas.
Persea Carolinensis of the alluvial Atlantic border of Nortli America. The red bay is a tree
called by the natives on the Roanoke “ ascopo,” and known from early times, — described by Hariot
as like a bay tree and with the bark hot and acrid (De Bry i. 8) : “ lauri ” were observecl by Verraza-
nus on the coast in Lat. 34° ; by J. le Moyne, in East Florida; and by Cabeza de Vaca, on the North
shore of the Mexican gulf: P. Carolinensis is known to grow as far as 38° in the Delaware peninsula
(A. Gray) ; was observed bv Catesby i. pl. 63, and Elliot, in South Carolina; by F. A. Michaux,
from Lower Virginia to Florida and the Mississippi ; by Chapman, in “ rich shady woods, Florida to
North Carolina,” and a shrubby variety with larger flowers in “ pine-barren swamps; ” by Croom, as
far as 30° 30'; ancl by Darby, in Opelousas.
Zizania miliacea of Carolina and the Lower Mississippi. An aquatic reed-like grass, known
from early times : — West of the mouths of the Mississippi, Cabeza de Vaca lound a kind of small
grain ground by the natives with walnuts: Z. miliacea is described by Michaux; was observed £
Elliot Tn South Carolina; by Chapman, in “ deep marshes and ponds, Florida, and northward,” He
“ staminate and pistillate spikelets intermixed;” by H. Little, in the delta of the Mississippi; y
Nuttall, in Salt river of Arkansas and as far as 35°.
“ 1326 A. D.” (Alst. p. 226), in Asia Minor, Othman succeeded by his son Orchan, second
Turkish sultan. The captured city of Bursa became Orchan’s seat of government.
Cufie and Arabic inscriptions on tombs around Oufa, of princes anterior to the Russian occupation
: and not far from Verkoturia, ruins of an aiicient Tchoud or Tartar fortress — (Pall. trav. ii.
II and 377).
Polygonum undulatum of the Uralian plains. Called by the Russians “ kizlez” or “ kapousta,”
by the Baschkirs “ kamouslouk ” and eaten by them from early times — (Pall. trav. ii. 33) ; observed
by Gmelin fl. iii. pl. 10 in Siberia; by Pallas, beyond Oufa, the stems before flowering agreeably
acid.
Valeriana phu of Eastern Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in the Baschkir
country “ zemliano'i ladan” ground-incense, and from early times employed medicinally—(Pall.):
described by Valerius Cordus f. 3, and Blackwell pl. 250; known to grow as far West as the Upper
Rhine and Silesia (Pers.) ; observed by Pallas ii. 136 on the East side of the Ural mountains.
Adonis Vo/grnsis of the Uralian plains. Called by peasants “ starodoubka,” and used medicinally
from early times, — observed by Pallas i. to ii. 26 on the Lower Volga, and becoming more frequent
Eastward beyond the Yaik.
Lilium martagón of West Siberia. Called “ sarana,” and from early times its root collected and
eaten by the Baschkirs, — observed by Pallas ii. 185 to 239 on the route to and around Ekaterinbourg;
by Jacquin pl. 351 as far West as Austria, and by Sibthorp on the moun'ains of Greece (but not found
by others, Fraas). Farther West, is described by Dodoens p. 201, and C. Bauhin pin. 87; is termed
“ martagum” by Camerarius ep. 571 (Schmiedel ed. Gesn. i. p. 90), “ 1. floribus reflexis montanum
flore rubente” by Tournefort inst. 370; has become naturalized in Italy, and on the mountains of
Sicily and France (Fée, and Lenz), in various parts of middle Europe as far as Sweden, and within
about three centuries in Britain (Engl. bot. pl. 2799, Pers., Fries, and A. Dec.).
A llium nutans of the Uralian plains. Called in the Baschkir country “ lisoun” (Pall), and
known from early times: — observed by Gmelin i. pl. 12 in Siberia; by Pallas trav. ii. 40S, in the
grassy country near Tcheliabinsk.
“ Sept. 22d ” (Blair), an army brought by queen Isabella into England, against her husband
Edward II. — Whn, in “ January ” following, was deposed by parliament, and was succeeded by his
sou Edward III.
“ 1327, Jan. 20th” (Skeat ed. Piers Pl.), in England Edward II. deposed, and on the “ 25th”
succeeded by Edward III.
“ In this year” (Ideler, and E. A. Soph.), Maximus Planudes writing.
Arledia squamnta of the East Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous annual: the
sf\rjvoavr]8u,v prescribed by Maximus Planudes morb. mat. — may be compared : A. squamata is
termed “ thapsia orientalis anethi lolio semine eleganter crenato” by Tournefort cor. 22; was
observed by Rauwolf on Lebanon (Pers.) ; by Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus and along the river
Limyrum in Lycia; and the scarious fruit-margin is described by Persoon as “ lobatoalata magna.”
“ 132S A. U. = 1st year of the ‘ tclii-ho’ of Tai-ting-ti, and ist year of the ‘ thian-li ’ of his
successor Wen-tsoung I I .’’ (Chinese chron. table). The Grand lama on a visit from Tibet, was
received with the liighest honours in the palace of Wen-tsoung II. : an act condemned by Chinese
historians.
“ The same year” (Alst.), Andronicus II. succeeded by Andronicus III., sixty-third Byzantine
emperor.
The sect of Bathenians not extinct: Ebn Batuta 5 and 9 finding in Syria “ Ismailiah,” who “ act
as arrows ” for sultan Naser. Farther South, he describes the inhabitants of Haii in Yemen as
aboriginal Arabs, “-and their sultan of the tribe Beni Kenana.”
I'rom Aden continuing South, Ebn Batuta 9 reached Makdashu in Equatorial Eastern Africa;
Mambasa, “ abounding in bananas, lemons, and citrons ; ” and Kulwa (Keelwa). But from a remark
on leaving, he does not appear to have seen cocoa palms on the African coast.
Chionanthus? sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A w ild olive caAed there “ meesoo ” (Grant);
ancl the “ jammoon ” having fruit “ like an olive with a stone except that e.xceedingly sweet ” observecl
by Ebn Batuta at Mambasa on the East African coast, — may be compared: the “ meesoo” was
observecl by Grant “ in low moist ground ” from about 6° 30^ S. to “ 3° 15^ N.” on the Nile, a “'hand-
some lofty tall-trunked tree,” with “ edible, large pea-sized, one-stoned drupes in clusters.” (See
Olea? dioica.)
“ 1329, December” (Nicol), a synod at Paris. “ To determine the limits of the royal and
ecclesiastical jurisdictions,”
“ 1330 A. D.” (Nicol). a synod at Lambeth. An article. Forbidding “ the appointment of any
hermit without the permission of the bishop of the diocese.”
As early as this year (see Pallas trav. iv. SS), the Samoyedes dwelling along the Arctic shore
0¡tf ■