3 5 2 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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tic (Conrad), and on the Alleghanies to Carolina (Mx.) ; was observed by Short in Kentucky ; by
Drummond, “ not North of 53°” as far as the Rocky mountains; was observed West of those
mountains by Douglas (Hook.).
Aquilegia vulgaris of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain columbine
(Prior), in France “ ancolie ” (Nugent), in Turkish “ kanthili zitzëi ” (F o r sk .) ; and the n o e OC ,
æstival according to Theophrastus vi. 7 and of two kinds, one having its flower hyacintli-like, the
other white and placed on sepulchres, — is referred here by Zalikoglous lex. mod. : A . vulgaris was
observed by Sibthorp in the Peloponnesus ; by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople ; and is known
to grow in Siberia as far as the Altaian mountains (Ledeb.). Westward, the “ spectabilis pothos ” is
mentioned by Pliny xxi. 39 : A. vulgaris is described by Columna phytob. p. i ; is termed “ a. sylvestris
” by Tournefort inst. 428 ; is known to grow on Corsica and throughout middle and Northern
Europe as far as Lat. 63° 15' in Norway (Gunner p. 80, and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was
c.arried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and according to A. Gray
“ is beginning to escape from cultivation in some places.”
Caltha palustris of Northern climates. Called in Anglo-Saxon “ mersc-mear-geaUa,” in current
English gool ox golds or mare-blobs ox marsh marigold (Prior) ; in which we recognize the E A E I 0
X PYCOC enumerated as vernal by Theophrastus vi. 8. i, — and referred here by Dumolin : C. palustris
vvas observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the marshes of the Peloponnesus. Westward,
is described by Lyte ; is termed “ populago flore majore” by Tournefort inst. 273 ; was observed by
Savi in Italy, by Brotero in Portugal, and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe
as far as Denmark and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 668, Hook., and Wats ). Eastward from Greece, is
known to grow about Caucasus (Ledeb.) and throughout Siberia as far as Lake Baikal and Kamtschatka
(Gmel , P a i l, and A. Dec ) ; was observed by Thunberg in Japan, in a flower-vase and
called “ ienko so.” Farther East, is known to grow along the Columbia river and from Lat. 60° in
Canada and Labrador (Hook,), 51° in Newfoundland (La Pylaie), to 39° along the Atlantic and on
the Mississippi (Conrad, and Beck). The plant according to A. G r a y “ is used as a potherb in spring.”
Brassica Cretica of the East Mediterranean shores. Called in Greece “ skarôlahanôn” (Sibth.)
or “ môrôlahanon ” (Fraas) ; and the APPIA: PAí ANOC having according to Theophrastus vii. 4.
4 to. 6. 2 small smooth and round leaves, — is referred here by Fraas : B. Cretica is termed “ b. cretica
fruticosa folio subrotundo” by Tournefort cor. 16; was observed by Sibthorp, Grisebach, and
Fraas, frequent on the sea cliffs of Greece and the Greek islands. (See B. incana).
Hesperis acris of the Egyptian Desert. Called in Egypt “ sphæri ” (Forsk.), the probable origin
of the Greek name “ ëspëris ” transferred to an allied species : — H. acris, unknown in Greece, was
observed by Forskal p. 118, and Delile pl. 35, in the environs of Cairo frequent in the Desert and
having the taste and odour of Brassica eruca.
Hesperis matronalis of middle Europe. Called in Britain dame's violet ox Damask violet, in
medieval Latin “ viola Damascena,” in France “ violette de Dam as” (Prior) or “ julienne” (Del.) ;
and the ECPIEPIC of Theophrastus caus. vi. 17. 3 more odorous in the evening, — and hence the
name according to Pliny xxi. 18, is referred here by writers : the “ philëspërôn anthos ” is mentioned
by the poet Dioscorides anth. pal. vii. 31, living in Eg yp t; and the “ violam matrônalëm ” of the
Romans in Syn. Diosc. iii. 128 (cod. n.) may also be compared: H. matronalis is described by Ray,
and Miller; and is known to grow wild throughout middle Europe from Switzerland to Denmark
(Pers., Fries, and A. Dec.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it
continues under cultivation for ornament, and according to A. Gray “ begins to escape from gardens.”
A cultivated variety with numerous white petals “ odoratissimis,” is mentioned by Persoon.
Coronopus R u ellii of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain wart cress or
swine's cress (Prior), in Greece “ ëmëra almurithra ” or “ armurithra” (Fraas), in Egypt “ hab
raschat ” (Forsk.) ; and the KOPQNOnOYC, bitter according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 to caus. ii. 5.
4 and its leaves spread upon the ground, — growing according to Dioscorides in waste places and
along roadsides, an edible prostrate little herb with incised leaves, is referred here by writers: C.
Ruellii was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraa.s, in waste places in the Peloponnesus and Attica ;
by Forskal p. 117, and Delile, from Alexandria to Cairo. Westward, the “ coronopus” is described
by Pliny xxi. 59 to xxii. 22 as prickly with a creeping stem, and sometimes cultivated; C. Ruellii is
described by Ruel, Matthioli, Dodoens, and Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is termed “ nasturtium sylvestre
capsulis cristatis ” by Tournefort inst. 214 ; and is known to occur in waste places from the Canary
Islands to Sweden (fl. Dan. pl. 202, Pers., and Wats.). By European colonists, was carried to
Northeast America, where it continues in fallow ground from Rhode Island to South Carolina (Pursh,
Ell., and A . Gray).
Camelina sativa of the Uralian and Tartarean plains. Called in Britain g o ld o f pleasure, even
in the days of Gerarde (Prior), in Germany “ leindotter” (Grieb), in Italy “ camellina” or “ dorella”
or “ miagro” (Lenz), in the Sixteenth century “ pseudolinum ” (Lonic. p. 154); in which we recogro
ro
nize the “ muagrôs” identified through Syn. Diosc. with the MEAAMf lYPON infesting the wheat-
fields of Sicily according to Theophrastus viii. 4. 6, — mentioned also by Galen: tlie “ muagrôs” is
described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with pale yellow flowers, seeds resembling those of
fenugreek but yielding fat which is smeared on twigs and burned as a lamp : C. sativa was observed
by Sibthorp in cultivated ground on Cyprus ; is known to grow also in the Tauro-Caspian countries,
and in Siberia as far as Lake Baical (Ledeb.). Westward, the account of the “ myagros” by Pliny
xxvii. 81 seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : the “ dornella” is mentioned by Hildegarde ii. 158,
and the “ dorella” by Cæsalpinus (Spreng.) ; C. sativa was regularly cultivated in the middle ages,
its cultivation commencing probably in Russia or Germany (A. Dec.) ; is described by Anguillara
p. 285, and Parkinson; is termed “ a. segetum foliis auriculatis a cu tis ” by Tournefort inst. 217,
“ myagrum sativum ” by Linnæus ; was observed by Lenz in grain-fields in Italy and sometimes
cultivated for its oil ; is known also as a weed among flax in Spain and Western Europe (Cav. i. pl.
60, and Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a
weed in cultivated ground from Salem in New England (observed by myself) to North Carolina
(Chapm.).
Viola tricolor oi Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain fam y (Kent fl.
dom.) ox paunce ox pansy, in France “ p ensée” or formerly “ menues pensées,” in Italy “ pensieri
menuti ” in Germany “ unnütze sorge,” in medieval Latin “ viola flammea” (P r io r); in which we
recognize the “ flammea ” identified through Pliny with the 4>A0 r iN 0 N: lONo r i AOH of Theophrastus
vi. 6. 2 to S. I , wild and cultivated, the flower scentless and coronary: — V. tricolor was
observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus throughout the
Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Syria, and as far as Bagdad (Dec.). Westward, the
account by Pliny xxi. 38 to 76 of the “ flammea quae et phlox vocatur” seems taken from Theophrastus,
his “ lutea viola ” curing “ capitis hulcera” is also V. tricolor, to the present day according
to Lindley “ employed in Italy in tinea capitis : ” V. tricolor is termed “ jacea vel herba clavelata”
in Ortus Sanitatis 49 (Brunswygk), “ herba trinitatis ” by Brunfels ii. pl. 69, “ v. bicolor arvensis”
by Tournefort inst. 421 ; is described also by Fuchsius 803, Dodoens, Castor Durantes, Stapel 651,
and Gerarde ; and in its wild form is known to grow on the mountains of Teneriffe, and in cultivated
and fallow ground throughout Europe as far as Lapland and Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. 623, Pers.,
Hook., and Wats.). Eastward from the Euphrates, is known to grow in Siberia (Dec.); was
observed by Kaempfer, and Tliunberg, along roadsides in Japan and called “ kinsai,” or usually
“ komafisiko:” but possibly by European colonists was carried to Tropical Hindustan, observed
by Graham “ in gardens” at Bombay and no native name is given. Clearly by European colonists,
was carried to Northeast America, where it continues a favourite garden flower, and in the form of
“ V. arvensis ” has become naturalized in “ dry or sandy soil New York to Kentucky and Southward ”
(A. Gray), in our Southern States according to Chapman in “ cultivated ground.”
Drypis spinosa of the Mediterranean countries. The A P Y fl I C of Theophrastus i. 10. 6, having
thorns in place of leaves, — and ntmed from wounding persons handling it, is referred here by
writers: D. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, on Parnassus. Westward, is described
by Micheli gen. pl. 23 ; and is known to grow in Istria, Italy, and Mauritania (Pers.).
Silene behen of the East Mediterranean countries. An annual called in Greece “ ströuthöni ”
(Sibth.); in which we recognize the C T P Y 6 I0 N of Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 to S. 3, prickly-leaved
and flowering in summer, but its beautiful flower not fragrant: — S. behen is termed “ lychnis cretica
parvo flore calyce striato purpurascente ” by Tournefort cor. 24 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, and
Chaubard, from tlie Peloponnesus to Caria.
Dianthus fruticosus of Crete and the Greek islands. A showy species of p in k ; and the
AlOC : AN0OCo f Theophrastus vi. t . i to 8. 3, cultivated and coronary but the flower scentless, —
maybe compared; D. fruticosus is termed “ caryophyllus græcus arboreus leucoii folio peramaro ”
by Tournefort cor. 23 and trav. i, pl. 9; and was observed by Sibthorp on Crete and Seriphus.
Westward, is enumerated by Persoon as a garden flower in France. (See D. arboreus.)
Lavatera arborea of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ thënthrômôlôha ”
(Fraas); in which we recognize the MAAAXH : A fl 0 A E N A P 0 Y M E N H increasing in size after
seven months growth according to Theoplirastus i. 3. 2 to 9. 2 and used for a staff, — also the
“ thënthrômalahë ” of Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 67, and Geoponica xv. 5. 4 : L. arborea was observed
by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in maritime situations near Athens, also planted in gardens ; by Delile, in
gardens at Alexandria. Westward, an “ arbor malvae ” near LiXus estuary on the Atlantic in Mauritania,
said to be twenty feet high with the trunk too large to be “ circumplecti ” clasped or embraced,
is mentioned by Pliny xix. 22: L. arborea is termed “ althæa maritima arborea veneta” by Tournefort
inst. 97 ; ancl is known to grow along the seashore of Italy, Barbary, and Spain (Cav. v. pl. 139,
and Pers.).
Acer campestre of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain maser-iree ox