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3 0 8 CH R O N O LO G IC A L A R R A N G EM E N T
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and according to Lindley, A. rotunda with the preceding and other species “ are supposed to be the
plants with which the Egyptian jugglers stupiiy the snakes they play with.” Westward, the round-
rooted “ aristolochia ” is described by Pliny xxv. 54 as having leaves intermediate between ‘‘ malvam ”
and “ ederam,” blacker and softer; A. rotunda is described by Matthioli, and Camerarius epit. 419;
is termed “ a. rotunda flore ex purpura nigro” by Tournefort inst. 162; was observed by Forskal
near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and
Lenz). . _ . „
Aristolochia parvifolia of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ pikrorriza ”
(Fraas), and possibly included in the “ aristôlôhia” of the Hippocratic writings: the “ makra
aristôlôhia” or “ thaktulitis” having according to Dioscorides a purple flower eventually becoming
much like a pear “ apiô,” root as thick as the finger and a span or more long, is referred here by
Sibthorp, and Fraas : A. parvifolia is termed “ a. chia Ionga folio minori subrotundo flore tenuissimo ”
by Tournefort cor. 8; and was observed by Wheler trav. pl. 414, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in
Greece.
Arum dracunculus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ phithohortôn ” or
“ thrakontia,” in which we recognize the “ thrakôntiôu ” described by Theophrastus vii. 12.2 as
having an inedible medicinal root, and from its spotted stem called “ arôn : ” the APOY;MEfAAOY
is mentioned in 3 Morb. 493 ; — the “ thrakontia mëgalë,” by Dioscorides as growing in the shade
o f hedges, its stem spotted with purple and “ lapathô ’’-like leaves implicated together ; A. dracim-
culus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the above-described situations
in Greece. Westward, the “ thrakontia megalé ” or “ a ron” or “ isarôn” or “ ia ron ” or “ viarôn ”
is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ lôurôumara” or “ mauriariam ” or “ sigiggialios ” of the
Romans; and the “ maiôrëm” kind of “ dracunculus ” is mentioned by Pliny xxiv. 93 : A. dracunculus
is described by Brunfels, Fuchsius, Tragus, and Dodoens ; is termed “ dracunculus polyphyllus ”
by Tournefort inst. 160 ; and is known to grow in Carniolia and throughout Southern Europe (Pers.,
and Spreng.).
Hypericum coris of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece “ valsamino’’ or “ phou-
thôura” or “ gôuthôura” (Sibth.) or “ arkôuthôura ” (Fraa s); and the KOPHN of Hippocrates —
identified with the “ upërikôn” by Galen, or the “ kôris ” according to Dioscorides by some called
“ upërikôn,” an odorous shrub a span high with “ ë rë ik ê s ’’-like leaves, is referred here by writers :
H. coris was observed (on Crete) by Honorius Bellus (Pona ni. bald. pl. 40) ; by Sibthorp, Chaubard,
and Fraas, abounding on the dry hills from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek
islands. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvi. 54 of the “ hypericon” by some called “ corin,”
seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides : H. coris is described by Matthioli pl. 669, and Morison ii. 5.
pl. 6; is termed “ h. saxatile tenuissimo et glauco fo lio ” by Tournefort inst. 255 ; and is known to
grow in Italy and Southern France (Lam. fl. fr., Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). ^
Alcea acaulis of the East Mediterranean countries. A low almost stemless species of hollihock;
and the “ althaeae” of Hippocrates, the juice of its root prescribed against thirst from loss of blood
— (Plin. X X . 84), may be compared : the “ althaian,” a medicinal plant having soft stems, leaves like
those of “ malahe ” but larger and more hairy, flowers yellovv, and root said to render water gelatinous,
is according to Theophrastus ix 16. 5 to 18. i called “ malahen agrian” in Arcadia; and the
“ malahe a g ria ” is prescribed in Mul. morb. p. 715, and by Nicander ther. 89 and alex. 486: A. acaulis
is termed “ malva rosea folio subrotundo chalepensis acaulos flore pallide luteo” by Tournefort inst.
95 ; is described also by Cavanilles ii. pl. 27 (Pers.) ; and was observed by Sibthorp in Greece, but
the locality not recorded (J. E. Smith).
Viola canina of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain dog violet (Prior), in Greece
“ viôlëta” (Sibth.), and the AE YKOl O Y : KAPPON prescribed by Hippocrates — and identified
by Dioscorides (of Alexandria ?), and Galen, with seeds of “ ion lëukôu,” maybe compared: the
“ lëukôiôu rizës ” is prescribed in 2 Morb. mul. 731 * 6 “ lëukôiôn ” or “ lëukô iô ” or “ iônias tes
lë u k ë s ” is described by Theophrastus iii. 18. 13 to vi. 8. 5 as the earliest flower of spring, the plant
lasting three years, the flower itself entirely resembling that of the “ mëlan iôn ; ” the “ lëukoiôn ” is
mentioned also by Dercyllus (Plut. fluv. 8. 4), Nicander, Hicesius, and a white-flowered kind by
Dioscorides : V. canina was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus and
Cyprus to the Bithynian Olympus; is known to grow also in Iberia and Persia (Bieb.). Westward,
the “ pallens v io la ” is mentioned by Virgil eel, ii.47; the “ viola alba,” by Pliny xxi. 38 to 76 as
flow e r in g at the opening of spring and employed medicinally, its flower “ suppurata aperit, ipsa dis-
cutit: ” V. canina is termed “ v, martia inodora sylve stris” by Tournefort inst. 419; is known to grow
from the Canaries throughout middle and Northern Europe to Lapland, Iceland, and “ Lat. 6'°^ in
Greenland (Plook., D e c , and Wats.), var. “ la ctea ” having whitish-blue flowers (Smith fl. brit. i. p.
247). Eastward from Persia, is known to grow as far as Northeastern Asia and Japan (Bieb., Dec.,
and Wats.). The plant according to Lindley is considered a “ depurative, and recommended for
the removal of cutaneous affections, root emetic.”
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S AN D P L A N T S . 3 0 9
- Glycyrrhiza echinata o f t h e E a s t M e d i t e r r a n e a n s e a s h o r e a n d a s f a r a s ‘ + y - J U A J
G r e e c e “ g l u k o r i z a ” ( S i b t h . ) , i n w h i c h w e r e c o g n i z e t h e “ g l r f f i u r r . z ë s
T A Y K Y M H S - BOTANHS o f H i p p o c r a t e s , — t h e C r e t a n k i n d t h e b e s t ( a n t i d . 1. i - ) • 0 , y > ^
r a d i c i s ” i s p r e s c r i b e d b y A s c l e p i a d e s ; a n d t h e “ g l u k u p h u t ô n ” i s m e n t i o n e d m Syn. u n 5 :
G . e c h i n a t a i s t e r m e d “ g . c a p i t e e c h i n a t o ” b y T o u r n e f o r t m s t . 389 i w a s o b s e r v e d + S . 0 0 P f r e q
u e n t i n t h e s a n d o f t h e s e a s h o r e f r o m S a m o s a n d S m y r n a t o C r e t e ; , s k r o w n t o g r o w / /
S o u t h e r n e x t r e m e o f I t a l y , a n d E a s t w a r d t o t h e T a r t a r i a n D e s e r t ( P e r s . ) . r t m p a r e d w i t h G , g l
bra i ts r o o t ac co rding t o Lind le y h a s “ s im i l a r p r o p e r t i e s b u t m a l e s s d e ^ e e _
Glycyrrhiza glandulifcra o f t h e p l a i n s o f E a s t e r n E u r o p e . P o s s i b l y t h e g l u k u m e s + 0 +
i n q u e / i o n - a t l e a s t a g r e e i n g b e t t e r w i t h t h e “ g l u k u r r i z ë ” o f D i o s c o n d e s , p o w i n g m o s t l y n
C a p p a d o c i a a n d P o n t u s , a n d h a v i n g h y a c i n t h i n e f l o w e r s , « u t i n o r o l e r o e s r o d 0 0 S ® ™ / /
f r u i t ; G . g l a n d u l i f e r a i s d e s c r i b e d b y P a l l a s ( S t e u d . ) ; w a s o b s e r v e d b y W a k l s t e n a n d K . t a f o e l i. p l .
21 i n H u n g a r y ( P e r s . ) ; b y F r a a s i n G r e e c e ; i s k n o w n t o g r o w t h r o u g h o u t m i d d l e A s i a ( S p r e n g . ) ,
but is not enumerated among medicinal plants. • z v -lU
Bryonia dioica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia Ca led m Britain whiU
or white bryony (Prior), in Greece “ agriôkôlôkuthia” or “ agrioklema ( 0 Uh.) , m which we reco
nize the “ lëukë vruônia ” identified byG a lenw ith the E X ET PÜ S I S of Hippocrates - B. dioica
was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, not rare in h e d ^ s in the Pelopoimesus
islands. Westward, the “ albam bryoniam” is mentioned by Plmy xxm. 16: “ J
“ b. aspera sive alba baccis rubris ” by Tournefort inst, 102 ; was observed by Lenz m Italy is knovvn
to grow also in Barbary rod throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq V
bot pl 439 and Pers.). Outside of the profession according to Lindley, the root continues in
medidnal r L , though producing “ violent vomiting and purging, to™ in a, + ‘ 0 / J / U " '
tions and faintim»,” is besides sold in London market “ to remove the bruise of a blackened e je.
T io l e r i c a o f t h e E a s t M e d i t e r r a n e a n c o u n t r i e s . C a l l e d in G r e e c e b y t h e s a i n e n a m e s
w i t h t h e p r e c e d i n g ( S i b t h . ) ; t h e Ÿ I A 0 9 P 0 N o r A M P EA 0 : 0 P I A o f F ' s t a l . 5 " U /
f l e d t h r o u g h S y n . D i o s c . w i t h t h e “ a m p ë l ô s l ë u k ë ” o f D i o s c o n d e s c l im b i n g a m o n g U
r e d , c o o k e d “ a s p a r a g o i ” y o u n g s h o o t s p u r g a t i v e a n d d i u r e t i c , l e a v e s
“ h ë i r ô n ë i ô n ” a n d o t h e r b a d u l c e r s , a n d r e f e r r e d h e r e b y S i b t h o r p , a n d 0 a a s ; t h e 5 / 0 0 0 0
o r “ p s i l ô t h r ô n ” i s f u r t h e r i d e n t i f i e d in S y n . D i o s c . w i t h t h e “ ô p h i ô d a p h u l o n o r h ë l . t h o m o n o t
“ m ë l ô t h r ô n ” o r “ a r h ë z ô s t i n ” o r “ k ë t h r ô s t i n ” o r “ v r u ô n i a n ; ” 0 C r é t i c a i s d e s c r i b e d b y L i n n ,
w a s o b s e r v e d b y S i b t h o r p , D ’U r v i l l e , a n d F r a a s , f r e q u e n t in h e d g e s m t h e
r o u n d i n g i s l a n d s . W e s t w a r d , t h e a c c o u n t b y P l i n y x x m . 16 o f t h e “ v i i s a b a c a l l e d + * e G r e e k s
“ a m p e l o l e u c e n ” o r “ p s i l o t h r u m ” o r “ o p h i o s t a p h y l o n ” o r ‘ “ m e l o t h r o n o r r o c h e z o « n o r
t in ” o r “ m a d o n ” s e e m s c h i e f l y t a k e n f r o m D i o s c o r i d e s . ( S e e B . a l b a a n d T a m u s C r ^ / *
Galium saccharat-am o f E u r o p e a n d t h e a d j o i n i n g p o r t i o n o f A s i a . T h e ' î ' ! / ' ® J ' ° J +
41 A ETA I POS o f H i p p o c r a t e s - i s i d e n t i f i e d b y G a l e n w i t h t h e “ a p a n n ë ; d e s c r i b e d b y I h e o -
p h r a s t u s v i i . 14. 2 t o v i i i . 8. 4 a s g r o w i n g a m o n g l e n t i l s a n d a d h e r i n g t o g a r m e n t s i t s 0 w o t o n a 1-011« h e a d w i t h d r a w i n g w i t h i n i t s e l f in r i p e n i n g s e e d ; m e n t i o n e d a l s o b y N i c a n d e r t h e r . 850 t o 923 ;
b y D i o s c o r i d e s , a s e m p l o y e d t o s t r a i n h a i r s f r o m m i l k a n d h a v i n g a h a r d r o u n d e d s o m e w h M c o r o r o e
s e e d a n d i n t h e a d d e d S y n o n y m s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e “ ô m p h a l ô k a r p ô n o r “ a m p ë l o k a r p o n o r p h i -
h n t h r ô p ô U ’ 01 “ i x o n : ” G . s / c c h a r a t u m w a s o b s e r v e d b y S i b t h o r p f r e q u e n t i n t h e c u l t i v a t e d g r o u n d
o f G r e i c e l i s k n o w n t o o c c u r a l s o i n S i b e r i a ( G m e l . ) . W e s t w a r d , i s t e r m e d “ a p a r m e " e m m e c o n -
a n d r ! s a c c h a r a t i ” b y T o u r n e f o r t i n s t . 114, “ v a l a n t i a a p a r i n e ” b y L i n n æ u s ; w a s o b s e r v e d b y A l l . o n
in c u l t i v a t e d g r o u n d i n S o u t h e r n F r a n c e , b y V a i l l a n t p l . 4 n e a r P a r i s ( P e r s . ) a n d w i t h i n t h e p r e s e n t
c e n t u r y h a s m a d e i t s a p p e a r a n c e i n B r i t a i n ( E n g l . b o t . p l . 2173, a n d K . D e c . ) . „ r
Galium aparine o f N o r t h e r n C l im a t e s . C a l l e d i n B r i t a i n ca'clnveed ox dcavers or clioeis o r
goose-share ox goose-grass, in A n g l o - S a x o n “ c l i f e , ” i n H o l l a n d
“ k l e b k r a u t , ” i n I t a l y “ a t t a c a m a n i ” o r “ a p p i c a m a m ” ( L e n z ) , in G r e e c e - k o l l e t z i t h a ( S i b f o ) , a
p o s s i b l y i n c l u d e d i n t h e “ p h i i i s t i o n ” o r “ p h i l ë t a i r ô s ” o f H i p p o c r a t e s ; - G . a p a r m e w a s o b s e r v e d
b y S i b t h o r p , C h a u b a r d , a n d F r a a s , f r e q u e n t a l o n g w a l l s h e d g e s a n d m c u l t i v a t e d g r o u n d f r o m t h e
P e l o p o n n e s u s t o C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ; i s k n o w n t o g r o w a l s o a l o n g t h e T a u r i a n m o u i f f a i n s ( B i e b . ) , o n
t h e Y e n i s e i ( G m e l ) , a n d t h r o u g h o u t N o r t h e r n A s i a ( L e d e b . ) . W r o t w a r d f r o m G r e r o e r r o m a f f i s
h a v e b e e n f o u n d i n d e b r i s o f t h e e a r l y l a k e - v i l l a g e s o f S w i t z e r l a n d ; t h e a p a r i n e n o r 0 d a 0
t h r o p o n ” o r “ o m p h a c o c a r p o n ” w a s k n o w n t o P l i n y x x v i i . 15 a s g r o w i n g b o t h f / / J
a n d m e a d s “ p r a t i s v e ; ” t h e sm a l l “ d i f a n ” i s m e n t i o n e d i n t h e A n g l o - S a x o n l e e c h b o o k , a n d g o s y s
g r e s ” b y G a l f r i d u s pr ’. p m . ; G . a p a r i n e i s d e s c r i b e d a l s o b y T u r n e r , a n d W C o l e s ( P r i o r ; i s t e r m e d
“ a p a r i n e v u l g a r i s ” b y T o u r n e f o r t in s t . 1 1 4 ; w a s o b s e r v e d b y L e n z m I t a l y b y f o r s k a l n e a r M a
s e i l l e s , b y D e s f o n t a i n e s in g a r d e n s i n A l g e r i a , b y B r o t e r o i n w a s t e p l a c e s .m P o r t u g a l ; ^ 0
t o o c c u r t h r o u g h o u t m i d d l e a n d N o r t h e r n E u r o p e a s f a r a s L a p l a n d ( f l . D a n . 495 P e r s . a n d W a t s . )
a l s o o n M a d e i r a ( L e m a n n ) a n d t h e A z o r e s ( W a t s . ) . F a r t h e r W e s t , w a s a l r e a d y i n N e w E n g l a n d
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