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“ 405 B, C .” (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Darius II. succeeded by Artaxer.xes II.
Mnemon, tenth Persian emperor.
“ In the autumn” (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Nineteenth change in naval dominion. The
Athenians defeated by Lysander in naval combat at Aegospotamos ; and the “ Empire ” over tlie
Eastern waters of the Mediterranean transferred to the Spartans.
“ The same y e a r ” (Lubke and Lutrow), in Sicily, Agrigentum devastated by the Carthaginians ;
the temple there to Jupiter being unfinished. — Remains of the “ almost destroyed” temple continue
extant.
By Clidemus (Aristot. meteor, ii. 9), lightning regarded as having no real existence ; as an effect
only, like striking the sea with a rod.
“ 404, in the spring” (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Athens captured by the Spartans under
Lysander ; the Peloponnesian war thus ending in Spartan ascendancy. Athens now placed under the
“ Thirty ; ” who ruled “ eight months.”
“ On the nones of June ” ( . . . . Cic. rep. i. 16, and Sm. b. d.), eclipse o f the sun. Recorded
in the Annales Maximi.
“ 403 B. C .” ( . . . . Clint.), archonship of Euclides, “ a marked epoch in the civil history of
Athens.” After the deposition of the “ Thirty,” Thra.sybulus and his party carrying on war against
the succeeding government of the “ Ten.”
402 B. C. ( = 424 — “ 22 years ” in the Mahavamsa v.), the sons of Calasoka succeeded by
Uggasenah-Nandeya, now Hindu king, — afterwards by Panducah-Nandeya, Panducagaty-Nandeya,
Bupala-Nandeya, Rattepale-Nandeya, Govisanah-Nandeya, and Dasesittica Nandeya.
In this year (= 4 0 8 — “ 6 years ” of both Maneth. tables), in Egypt, Nëphëritës succeeded by
Ahôris, second king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. Ahôris is historically mentioned by Theopompus,
and Diodorus. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Hakor Occur at Shayl, and on stone fragments at
Karnak (Glid. analect.) ; also on repaired portions of the temples at Medinet-abu and El Kab, in the
quarries at Tura, and on a sphinx (now in Paris).
“ In this year ” (Lysias, Suid., Eudox., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens, a prize for comedy gained by
Cephisodorus. .
“ 401 B. C. = 1st year of Ngan-wang, of the T ch eou ” or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table).
The same year = “ 2d year of Hakor,” inscribed at Tura ; the latest date in his reign found on
the monuments. “ Thirteen ” years are however assigned to him in both the Maneth. tables.
Moringa aptera of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. The oil called in commerce oil-of-ben, in Egypt
“ habbet el-ghaly ” (Del.) or “ hobba gali ” (Forsk. mat. med.), being remarkable for not turning
rancid (Pers., and Spreng.), may have been the kind used in compounding precious ointment called
in Egyptian “ sôjën ” (transl. Sep t.): the ÍATAAN Egyptian ointment of Epilycus, — and
Eubulus (Athen. xvii. 13), may be compared : the “ valanos ” is described by Theophrastus iv. 2 to 6
as a contorted tree peculiar to Egypt, its leaves myrtle-Jike, fruit like that of “ kapparios” and used
by “ murëpsôi ” ointment-makers ; grows according to Dioscorides in Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, and at
Petra on the border of Judea ; and the “ myrobalanus ” is mentioned by Cato 1 14, Pliny, and Galen
comp. med. ix. p. 239: M. aptera is described by Lamarck enc. i. 733 (Pers.) ; was observed by
myself, a low contorted tree in mountain-ravines at Aden ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 227, the “ ban”
tree having “ roundish furrowed pods ” in a small valley in Upper Nubia, but regarded ' by him as
perhaps “ introduced by the Schaiqieh Arabs.” The seeds of this species according to Decaisne, and
Lindley, yield the oil-of-ben “ much used by perfumers as the basis of various scents, and by watchmakers,
because it does not readily freeze.”
Moringa pterygosperma of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil “ mooringhy,” in Telinga
“ mooraga,” in Bengalee “ shajina,” in Hindustanee “ sujna” (Drur.); and confounded with the
preceding as early perhaps as this date : — the “ balanus myrepsica ” seen by Belon 126, and Hasselquist,
at mount Sinai, may be compared (a pod from that locality obtained by Gliddon was sharply
trigonal, but I did not examine the seeds) ; also the two foreign trees seen by Forskal p. 67 in the
city of Beit ei fakih, unknown to the inhabitants but by some one called “ seseban.” Eastward from
Arabia, was observed by Rheede vi. pl. 11 in Malabar; by myself, from Bombay to the end of my
journey only around villages; by Graham, “ common about villages all over the country, oil is
obtained from the seeds ; ” by Drury, “ in gardens in the peninsula,” and the oil used medicinally ;
by Roxburgh, in other portions of Hindustan ; is known to occur also on Ceylon (Pers.). Farther
East, was observed by Mason v. p. 468 “ exotic ” in Burmah and called “ da-tha-lwon,” cultivated
“ by the Burmese for its pods which are eaten in curries,” but by residents chiefiy valued for its root
hardly to be distinguished from horse-radishj is known to occur also on Java (Drur.) ; was observed
by Loureiro in Anam (Steud.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines and called in Tagalo “ maluñgai ” or
“ camaluñgai ” or “ caluñgai,” in Bisaya and Pampango “ maluñgai ” or “ caluñgai ” or “ malungit ” or
“ dool,” universally known to the natives and regarded by them as never struck by lightning, the
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leaves and fruit cooked and eaten. B y European colonists, was carried to the West Indies,
where the oil is eaten on salads, and on “ Jamaica the wood is employed for dyeing a blue colour”
(Drur.).
“ The same y e a r ” (D. Laert., Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the younger Cyrus with Greek
au.xiliaries, against his brother Artaxerxes II. The route led through “ Lycaonia,” the table-land or
inland basin of Asia Minor, now first mentioned in history (Xen. anab. i. 2. 19, hi. 2. 23, and cyrop.
vi. 2. 20). — The country is described by Strabo xii. 6 ; and the Lycaonian language is mentioned in
Acts xiv. 12.
One hundred and seventeenth generation. Jan. ist, 400, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets,
Philoxenus of Cythera, Telestes, and Polyidus ; the comic poets, Diodes, Sannyrion, Philyllius,
Hipparchus, Polyzelus, Xenophon, Arcesilaus, Autocrates, Eunicus, Apollophanes, Nicophon,
Nicochares, and Theopompus; the tragic poets, Cleophon, Astydamas, Diogenes, Euripides the
younger, Astydamas the younger, Sophocles the younger, Dicaeogenes, and Chaeremon ; the
mimographer Xenarchus ; the philosophers, Aeschines, and Metrodorus of Chio ; the historians,
Anaximander the younger, and Philistus ; the orators Archinus, Cephalus, Thrasybulus of Colyttus,
and Melanopus; the painters, Zeuxis, Apollodorus, and Eupompus ; the sculptor Polycletus of
Argos.
The EA EI OS of Xenophon cyn. v. 17, — and Aristotle, enumerated as inferior food by
Mnestheus (Oribas. ii. 68), identified by Hesychius with the “ skiouros,” is referred by writers to the
squirrel, Sciurus E .ropaeus.
Corylus colurna of the countries on the Black Sea. The imported nuts called in Britain cob-nut,
in Germany “ zellernuss ” (Grieb), and the living shrub in the environs of Constantinople “ phoun-
toukia” (Fraa s); the KAPYA without seam of Xenophon anab. v. 4 ,— “ karua pontika” of
Ctesias, Athenaeus, Galen f ic. alim. ii. p. 609, and of Dioscorides in part, may therefore be compared :
the “ eraklgstike karua” bearing “ promakron karpon” of Theophrastus iii. 15. 2 and causs. ii. 12.6 is
referred here by Fraas : Pliny xv. 24 speaks of the “ abellinas ” as distinct from the “ avellanis ” and
brought into Greece from Pontus, therefore called “ ponticae nuces : ” C. colurna is termed “ avellana
byzantina” by Clusius hist. i. pl. 11, “ c. byzantina ” by Tournefort inst. 582 and Seba i. pl. 27 ; and
was observed in the environs of Constantinople by Sibthorp (see C. avellana).
Azalea Pontica of the Caucasian countries. After the defeat and death of Cyrus the younger,
the “ Ten thousand” Greeks retreating towards Trebizond found the honey of the country poisonous,
and from the effects some became delirious and some died (Xenoph. anab. iv. 8): — the existence
in this quarter of poisonous honey, is mentioned also by Aristotle mirab. 17, Diodorus, Dioscorides,
and Aelian ; soldiers under Pompey in crossing the mountains near Trebizond, were defeated through
partaking of this honey (Strab. xii. p. 88) ; and the poisonous quality is attributed by Pliny xxi. 45
to flowers of “ rhododendri ” abounding through the woods. In modern times, this poisonous honey
has been traced to the flowers of A. Pontica by Tournefort acad. paris. 1704, and Klaproth trav. i.
p. 455, and according to Pallas flor. i. pl. 69 the effects are like those of Lolium temulentum, and
the natives are well aware of the deleterious properties. A. Pontica is known to grow in other parts
of Asia Minor, in Georgia, and in woods of oak and beech on the subalpine portion of Caucasus
(Lindl.).
Rhododendron Ponticum of Taurus and Caucasus. An allied ornamental shrub, growing
chiefly on mountains, — and its flowers supposed by Tournefort to equally poison honey; but this is
denied by Guldenstmdt, and according to Pallas i. pl. 29 the shrub is unknown in the country of
poisonous honey and makes its first appearance in the districts of Ocriba and Salordkipaniso on the
Southern subalpine limestone ridge of Caucasus : R. Ponticum is known to grow also on die neighbouring
mountains of Western Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Labillardiere in Syria, by Grisebach
on the Bithynian Olympus at the elevation of only “ eight hundred ” feet, but according to
Tchihatcheff is rarely met with in Asia Minor. Westward, was known to R. Constantinus ; and
according to Persoonj Webb trav. 29, and A. Decandolle, reappears on the extreme Southern mountains
of Portugal and Spain. Is besides planted for ornament, and by European colonists was carried
to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses.
“ Before the close of the year ” (Clint.), arrival home by the way of Asia Minor of tire retreating
“ Ten thousand” Greeks.
“ In this y e a r ” (Chinese writers, Amyot, and Pauth. p. 200), gunpowder, and “ ho-toung” or
fire-tubes in use among the Chinese.
The Feejeean Tongan and Samoan Groups colonized as early possibly as this date. The
Tongans and Samoans “ refer the origin of their race to a large island, situated to the Northwest,
called by the former Bulotu, by the latter Pulotu and Purotu,” and by the Feejeeans “ Mburotu : ”
regarded by Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 195 as perhaps Bouro in the Malayan archipelago (see Tau-
maco).
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