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^ As early perhaps as this year, the Sanscrit medical writer Charaka He preceded — Dlnnvnn
7 U U “ I™ ! “ ® ftft- """ft "ntiq. hind med. 63)
T Z Z T myrobalans are called in Arabic
■ 13 1 , ®® producing them in Hindustanee “ amiika” or “ arooli ” nr “ annno-ra »
r s e - S f . - r S a s , * r j r " " n “ ” z z z M j z z z
“ a i i i v » » ” o f C l i a r i t o n f C l n n k i i . p l ' y o ( M a s o n ) ; m w h i c h w e r e c o g n i s e t h e
h y E d * ; . . ' L o ' r
o S £ , £ 2 ; ' ; + ; + r s U ^
T i + + ’” r the Concans and Deccan,” its fruit “ eaten bv’ th !
B y a w o p e a n c o l o . i a . a , w a . o a t t i o d t o t l t e M a o r i , i n s , „ . „ 0 . , „ Q t e I , e o ' a t l . u e t o ; * : c n i t i t o t a
ca,,e<rrZ£ +Uy+££.™""£5Lih * ■ ; b , , h i o , y . l a S a o a c r i , « / f o t o h a . . ( M , M l . “ t -
( D r t o ) , , 0 t h e e n v i r o n a o f B o m b a y “ b t i h i r a ” o r “ b h e r d a ” ( G r a l i a m ) , i n B o r a i a h “ b a o - k h a ” ( M a s o n l ■ ,2" ("'“+■ - k--» p.ao,+™,, US;
SSSVZASl ft'to S"“'“ " b I" Aia.ll+o.5£h"toioykwiT and Drury, as fai as Mysore and Bengal, its nuts used medicinally, the kernel “ saki to intoxicate if
eaten m any p e a t quantity, and its timber white and durable ; by Mason v. 491, in L r ln U T + ' f
was c/rried to thelMamlti/UllUlUUerTUTn+eJ/UlUtTt/T'ToT
hantaka + 'n d l.) ; and probably mcluded in the account of myrobalans by Charaka’— quoted bv
mk, and yield the best and most durable yellow of the 0111.1/2 pai’nters on die coaJt U U o rom U d lte
0 ,0 + ° “ +■ + 9 indigenous but “ not very abundant” throughout Burmah, its fruit iurnisiiii?
1 / 0 7 7 / "0.® °ft 0 " ‘ ft® ° f " tooren years ” has been f’ound to f a c r °
tiocho. G £ p S T h V , ; o £ h + , £ h : " ' ; ‘ s ' , ' r i f " ^ ">■ a . -
.y . ,5 + . £ V o + ’, + £ r S c + + U ^ ^ " t t ” - ttro»»
The B pldh.st hymns of the Lalita vistara probabiy adopted at the Council under Canishca Tar
7 6 0 ! D . / S o T J r U r " ° ' ^ ’ ‘ -"N a tio n into Chinese was made’ablut
+ « ¡ „ 0+ ’ t t ’” ' t t H “ " “ “ . “ « i " d o c o c i o . p o w e t f o t o y a p o t i . a i ’i n
OF A C C OM P A N Y IN G A N IM A L S A N D P L A N T S . 409
Carissa carandas of Tropical Hindustan. A thorny shrub called in Sanscrit “ avfgna ” or
“ avinga ” or “ crishnapacap’hala ” or “ sushenas ” or “ caramardaca ” (W. Jones), in Tamil “ foalapa ”
(Drur.), in Telinga “ wakay,” in Bengalee “ kurumchee,” in Hindustanee “ kurunda ” (Dru'r.), in the
enviions of Bombay “ corinda ” (Graham), in which we recognize the “ kourounda ” flowers presented
to a Buddhist in the Lalita vistara 6 ; — C. carandas is described b yR um p h iu s v ii.p l. 25;
was observed by Graham very common “ throughout the Concans and on the Ghauts,” its fruit “ sold
in the bazars ” and “ has somewhat tlie taste of tlie blueberry ; ” by myself, wild on the Ghauts ; by
Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, as far as Coromandel, common everywhere, llie berries universally
eaten by tlie natives, black when ripe, when scarcely so employed to make tarts preserves and pickles.
Farther East, was observed by Mason v. 455 “ exotic ” in Burmah, cultivated by European residents
for the “ berries, which taste wlien stewed like currants ” and are called Bengal currants.
“ 124 B. C .” (Liv., and Sm. b. d,), C. Cassius Longinus and C. Sextius Calvinus consuls for this
year : a Roman army at the re(juest of the people of Massilia (Marseilles), having been sent against
the Salyes, a neighbouring Ligurian tribe ; Calvinus completed the subjugation of the Salyes, —
wliom lie sold in the following year, their king Teutomal with other chiefs taking refuge among the
Allobroges, a people higher up the Rhone. The Romans thus acquiring foothold in France.
Myriophyllum spicatum of Northern climates. Called in Britain ivatcr milfoil, in wliicli we
recognize the “ millëphôliôum ” of the Romans identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ véliôukanthas ”
of the Gauls, and “ inuriopliullon ” of the Greeks ; growing in wet places according to Dioscorides,
its stem single and tender, surrounded with numerous “ marathrö’’-like leaves whence the
name, and referred here by writers : M. spicatum was observed by Sibthorp frequent in Greece.
Westward, the “ miiriôphullôn ” or “ mullôphullôn ” or “ stratiölike ” or “ ahillëiôs ” is further identified
in the Syn. Diosc. with tlie “ sôupërkiliôum vënëris ” of the Romans ; by Pliny xxiv. 95 with
the “ millefolium ” growing “ in palustribus ” and “ magnifici usus ad vulnera,” but his account seems
clirefly taken from Dioscorides ; M. spicatum is described by Matthioli p. 812 ; is termed “ potamogetón
fohis pennatis ” by Tournefort inst. 233 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicilv, Sardinia, A lgeria,
the Canary Islands, and throughout Europe as far as Lapland, the Orkney Islands, and Iceland
(Hook., Desf., Guss., Moris, Webb, Fries, Wats., A. Dec., and Lenz). Eastward from Greece is
known to grow throughout Siberia as far as the Angara and Lake Baikal (Gmel, and Ledeb.) • and
farther East, from Bear Lake in North America and “ Lat. 54°” to Arkansas and Lat. 41° on the
Atlantic (Drumm., Nutt., Pursh, and myself).
Sambucus ebuius of Europe .and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain dwarf elder or
wale-wort or danezvort (Prior), in France “ liièble ” (Nugent), in Germany “ zwerg-holunder ” in
Italy “ ebbte ” or “ sambuco erbale ” (Lenz), in Greece “ vôuzia ” (Sibth.) : the “ olma ” of the Dacians
or “ tlioukôiië of the Gauls — is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the “ agria aktë ” or “ ë lë iô s ” or
“ ëuvôikë ” Euboean kind, or the “ hamaiaktë ” described by Dioscorides as humble and more herbaceous
with the same medicinal properties : is further identified with the “ ëvôulôum ” of the Romans ■
.and the “ ebuius ” is mentioned by Virgil eel. x. 27, Coliiniella, and Pliny xxvi. 49 to 73 : S. ebulué
IS described in Ortus Sanitatis 95, also by Brunswygk ii. 20, and Parkinson th. 20S (Prior) ; is
termed “ s. humilis” by Tournefort inst. 606; was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas,
in hedges and mountain thickets from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; by Lenz’
irequent in Italy : is known to grow also iu Barbary (Pers.) and throughout middle Europe, occurrin!
ill waste and Cultivated gi'ound as far as Sweden (Linn., Wahl., and A. De c.). The “ roots cathar"
t i c ” (Lindl.).
Nepeta gleclwma of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain ground ivy or g i l l or haymaids
or heyhove or tunhoof or ale-hoof (Prior), in Greece “ kussös : ” the “ Inalus ” of the Gauls * or “ coto-
neam ” of the Veneti, — mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 26 as “ medetur laleri ” and resemblin» “ cunilae
bubulae ” or in the tops “ thymo,” sweet and alleviating thirst, “ radicis .alibi albae alibi nigrae,” —
may be compared ; “ eorth i f ig ” is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon translation of zVpul. 100 • “ hey
howe ” in the ballad of the Frere and the boye 50 ; and “ edera terrestris ” in the Ortus sanitatis pl
163 : N. gleclioma is described by Brunfels i. p. 167 (Spreng.); is termed “ calamintha humilior folio
rotundiore” by Tournefort inst, 194; and is known to occur in waste places and alón» hed»es
thi-onghout middle Europe (Scop., and Pers.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp from the Bithynian
Olympus to the Peloponnesus; by Thunberg, along the margin of fields in Japan By European
colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues in shady situations around
dwellings in our Northern and Middle States. Used according to Prior “ in fermenting beer ; ” and
according to Lindley, “ a favourite herb with country people for making a tea against pectoral and
other complaints.”
* Erysimum clieiranthoides of Northern Europe, Asia, and America. Called in France “ v e la r ”
(Batard), in which we recognize the “ velani ” of the Gauls — mentioned by Pliny xxii. 75 : E. chei-
52
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