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.Prometlieus was chained (Arrian ind. 5); probably the great cave-temples at Baymian,— extant to
the present day.
i'rangospabularia of the Northern slope of the Himalayan mountains. Called in Indian bazaars
“ fitura.sulioon” (Royle); and the SIA<tlON observed on the Indian Caucasus by Aristobulus,
eaten by cattle — (Arrian ind.), is referred here by Royle ill. 230, and Burnes: P. pabidaria was
re-discovered by Moorcroft on the border of Thibet near Draz, the leaves dried as winter fodder
for cattle ; was observed also by Burnes in crossing in the direction of Alexander’s route, greedily
cropped by sheep and eaten even by his fellow-travellers ; a statement confirmed by Kinnier
(Lindl.).
Ferula asafoetida of Eastern Persia. The “ silphion ” product seen by Aristobulus, — was
doubtless asafoetida: an imported drug “ much used b y ” Burmese physicians, and the plant producing
it described in Buddhist books “ as one of the ornaments of the Himmalay fo re s t” (Mason
v. 497) : Burnes trav. ii. 243 found the asafoetida plant at tlie elevation of seven thousand feet on
the Plindu Kush, eaten by sheep, and its hardened milk put into hair bags and exported, but its root
“ annu al;” and two different fruits were obtained by Royle from the bazaars of India: F. asafoetida,
having a perennial root and growing in Beloochistan, around Herat and on the mountains of Laristan,
is described by Kaempfer am. pl. 536 as the asafoetida plant. Farther West, the “ ôpôs mëlhikôs”
is mentioned by Strabo xi ; the “ silphion” of Media Armenia and Syria, by Dioscorides as having
a stronger odour than that of Cyrene; and the “ la se r ” from Persia Media and Armenia was the
only kind brought to Rome in the days of Pliny xix. 15: the asafoetida seen in Egypt by Forskal
mat. med. came from “ India.” (See F. Persica).
“ In this y e a r ” ( = 355 — “ 28 yrs,” Puranas, and Wilford as. res. viii. 87), death of the Plindn
king Nanda. He was succeeded by his sons.
“ 326 B. C .” (Sm. b. d.), C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and L. Papirius Mugillanus consuls at
Rome. Alexander king of Epirus hitherto successful in Italy, defeated and slain near Pandosia by
the Bruttians and Lucanians : war now re-commenced between the Romans and Samnites.
Viburnum tinus of the West Mediterranean countries, Called in Britain laurestinus (Prior),
in Italy “ tin o ” or “ lauro tin o ” (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the “ tinus” identified by Pliny xv.
39 with the “ siivestrem laurum : ” clearly the a A 4>NHN : APPIAN of Antigonus (the historian
of Italy?), — and schol, Nicand. ther. 575, enumerated among evergreen trees by Theophrastus i. 93,
although V, tinus has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers. Westward, the “ laurus
silvática” is mentioned by Cato r. r. 3 ; the “ tinus ” by Ovid as having blue berries, by Pliny as by
some authorities regarded a tree “ sui generis : ” V. tinus is described by Linnæus, and is known to
grow wild in Italy, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal; is besides cultivated for ornament throughout
middle Europe (Lam. fi. fr., Pers. and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast
America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses.
“ The same y e a r ” (Arrian, and Clint.), crossing the Indus, Alexander reached the city of Taxila ;
whose inhabitants are described by Aristobulus as “ exposing their dead to the vultures ” (Parsees) ;
and as having in use the war-conch (.Strab. xv. r. 62).
Continuing Southward across the Hydaspes and other tributaries of the Indus, Alexander
defeated the army and elephants of Porus ; and building boats for his own army, proceeded in them
down the river.
Cedrus deodara of the Himalayan mountains. The timber of which these boats were built was
doubtless in part deodar ox Himalayan cedar, — known to abound on the tributaries of the Upper
Indus, the forests on the mountain-slopes extending from the elevation of “ three thousand to nine
thousand feet ” (Drur.) : Royle met with temples and palaces built exclusively of tliis timber, and
leaves and twigs exported Southward are much employed in native medicine (Kitt. bibl. c y c l) .
Westward, the “ diwdar” is mentioned by Avicenna, and according to Ebn Baitar the name is
Persian.
Pinus excelsa of the Himalayan mountains. Called there “ cheel ” (Drur.), growing with the
preceding, and its timber doubtless also used by Alexander in building the boats : — tar according to
Cleghorn is also afforded by this pine (Drur.). Westward, at the distance of “ twenty-two Imndred
miles,” P. excelsa was observed by Grisebach on the mountains bordering Northern Greece (J. D.
Hook. linn. soc. viii. 31, and Daub. 136) ; if really indigenous there, must exist also on some of the
connecting mountain-chains.
P iuns longifolia of the Himalayan mountains. Called there “ ch e e r ” or “ checrsullah” or
“ sarul ” or “ thansa ’'(Drur.), growing lower down than the two preceding species, from “ six thousand
to two thousand feet,” and its timber or product doubtless used by Alexander in building the boats :
— the “ sarala” tree to which elepliants are tied, and exhaling a pleasant odour when rubbed by
them, is mentioned by Kalidasa kum. i. 9 and raghuv. iv. 75 : P. longifolia was observed by Pearson
forming extensive forests towards the sources of the Jumna and Tonse rivers ; and tar and turpentine
continue to be obtained from this p in eh y the natives of Upper India (Drur.). From transported
specimens, described by Lambert pl. 21. „ , . , . r
Euphorbia nereifolia of Tropical Hindustan. Cactiform, called in the environs of Bombay
“ th or” 01- “ s e e i” (Graham), in Bengalee “ shij,” in Hindustanee “ ptoon,” in Tehnga ‘ akoo-
iemmoodoo,” in Tamil “ elakullie” (Drur.); and probably included in the KAYAOi with stout
spines and copious fig-like juice seen by Aristobulus - (Arr. exp. vi. 22); E. nereifolia was observed
bv Preedy “ about Karrachee in Scinde,” becoming “ a small tree,” by Graham all over the locky
parts of the Deccan,” also “ common in the Concans,” affording “ shelter to tigers and other wild
animals ” and “ for a short period during the rains ” putting “ forth a lew le a v e s ;” by mysdf, in
scattered clumps in the open country to the end of my journey ; by Rheede 11. pl. 43 u' Malabar,
employed medicinally by the natives ; by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as
far as Coromandel and Bengal, ' ' . ™ ..r 1 .
Euphorbia ligularia of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. Cactiform, sacred to
Munsa the goddess of serpents, and called in Bengalee “ munsa sij ” (Drur.) ; possibly included in
the “ k au lo s ” seen by Aristobulus : - E. ligularia was observed by Graham “ common m Bombay;
liy Roxburgh, in Bengal ; and according to Drury, is employed as a remedy in snake-bites, and
offer ing are made to the tree on certain days in July and August; the trunk is used besides by the
native.Jo purify arsenic (journ. agri. Ind. x. 37)- farthe r East, was observed by Mason indigenous
in Burmah and called “ sha-zoung;” is known to grow in the Malayan archipelago (Lmdl.);
“ E pentagona ” observed on the Philippines by Blanco, and calleci in Tagalo Pampango and Bisaya
“ sorosoro"’ or “ sorogsorog ” or “ bait,” in Ylocano “ carambuaya,” may also be compared.^
Casda ( Cathartocarpus') f s tu la of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Egypt an
Yemen “ chiar schambar” (Forsk.), in the environs of Bombay “ bhawa” (Graham), m Hindustanee
“ amultas,” in Telinga “ rela,” in Tamil “ koannay,” in Bengalee “ sonaloo ” (Drur.) or “ soondali,
in Sanscrit “ soovurnuka ” '(Lin dl.); and the small tree seen by Aristobulus m Hinffiistan, us
KY AM OS-like pods ten inches long and full of honey which whoever eats will hardly escape
■ death {Strab. xv. i. 2 i) , may be compared ; also the poisonous “ kinnam ” fruit sweet as honey, ot
the Mahavamsa iv. p 44: C. fistula was observed by Rlieede i. pl. 22 in Malabar ; by Graham, on
“ the Ghauts and hilly par.s of the Concan ; ” by Buchanan, in Karnata held sacred to Ganeshwai
and called “ cacay ” in Mysore stakes of it put in the ground and worshipped ; by Ro.xburgh, Wight,
and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula. Farther East, its Pali name “ chaturengula ” Imir
fino-ers is translated in Burmese books, but the tree is at present called “ gnu-gyee,” is further
enumerated by Mason v. 404 to 530 as indigenous, its wood valuable, and selected in prrference by
the Karens for making bows ; was observed by Linschoten in Malacca and Cambaia.^ Westwaid, is
mentioned by Priscianus (Rhaz.), Nicolaus Myrepsus, and Actuarius ; and the “ khiar janbar 0
Ebn Masawia, Maserjawia, Rhazes, Haly Abbas, and Ebn Gnefith : C. fistula was observed by
Forskal among the mountains of Yemen, and I found quantities of the pods stored at Mocha for
exportation up the Red Sea; the living tree was observed by Abu’l Abbas Nebaty Abd-allatif Ebn
Baitar, Belon, Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in E g yp t; is said, lo occur also in
“ Tropical A fr ic a ” (Lindl.).- By the first Spanish colonists, was carried from Lgypt to the West
Indies (Sloane ii. 42), - , , . r 1
Ficus Indica of Tropical Hindustan. The Banyan tree is called in the environs of Bombay
“ wiir” (Graham), in Telinga “ marri,” in Tamil “ ala-marum,” in Bengalee “ bur ” or “ but (Drur.),
in Sanscrit “ vuta,” in Cingalese “ bagha ” (Lindl.); and the tree seen by Aristobulus and Onesicritus
along the Acesines and Indus, its branches descending to the ground, rooting and becoming trunks,
or the “ inthikcs sukcs ” of Theophrastus i. 7. 3 to iv. 4. 4, and Slrabo xv. i. 21, clearly belongs
here - F Indica in Hindu mythology is “ one of the four shadow-giving trees that grow on mount
Meru” (Mason v. 415); was obser'ved by Rheede i. pl. 28 in Malabar ; by myself, from Bombay to
the end of my journey on the Deccan only in places where it had been planted, trees with more than
a single trunk being rare ; by Ro.xburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hinclustan, used medicinally
by the nitives, and bird-lime manufactured from the milky glutinous juice. I-arther East, was
observed by Mason “ exotic ” in Burmah ; by Bl.rnco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo and
Pampango “ baliti,” in Bisaya “ dalaguit ” or “ nonoc,” its inner bark employed by the Negrillos of
the mountains lo cover their nakedness.
Dillenia pentagyna of Tropical Hindustan. A stately forest-tree called in the environs of Bombay
“ kurmuU’ (Graham), in Telinga “ rawadarn” or “ chinna-kalinga,” in Tamil “ r a i ” or “ piife ’ or
“ nai-tek” (Drur.) ; and the leaves large as a shield or buckler attributed to the preceding tiee
(Theophr. iv. 4. 4, and Plin. xii it), may belong here : D. pentagyna is “ common along the We.st
face of the Ghauts,” its leaves are sold in market “ as a substratum for chuppered roots,” and a tree
ill Kennery forests having “ leaves four or five feet lo n g ” is regarded by Graham as probably this
sp’ecies, whose le.rves diminish in size as the tree grows older : D. pentagyna was observed by Law
42
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