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observed by Catesby ii. pl. 81, and Jacquin am. 127, in the West Indies ; known to grow also in
Honduras, whence its ornamental wood is largely exported. By European colonists, was carried to
Burmah, observed “ exotic ” there by Mason.
lofiidium ipecacuanha of Eastern Equatorial America. A Violoid plant called in Guayana
“ itoubu ” (Aubl.), and from early times its roots taken as emetic : —observed by Aublet ii. pl. 318
in Guayana ; by Vandelli, pl. i, and Martius med. pl. 8, in the Brazilian forest, called “ poaya branca”
or “ poaya da praja,” and its roots collected as a substitute for true ipecacuanha (Lindl.).
Simaruba atnara of Guayana. A large tree called in Carib “ chipión ” (Desc.), and known from
early times: — “ in 1713,” the bark of its root was first imported into Europe (Desc.), where it continues
to be employed medicinally : the living tree was observed by Aublet pl. 331 and 332 in sandy
soil in Guayana : and a dioecious tree observed by Macfadyen on the mountains of Jamaica, is
regarded by him as not distinct (Lindl.).
Mucuna pruriens of the West Indies. The cowitch is a twining bean called in Carib “ mantia
kaira” (Desc.), and known from early_times : —observed by P. Browne pi. 31, Jacquin am. pl. 122,
Macfadyen, and Descourtilz, in the West Indies, common in woods and along river courses, as well
as iu waste places. The hairs on its pods, constituting the exported drug, are according to Lindley
“ a mechanical anthelmintic.”
Bromelia ananas of the West Indies and neighbouring portion of Tropical America. Ybo pineapple,
called in Brazilian “ nana” (Marcgr.), in the West Indies “ yayama ” (Ovied.), in Carib
“ yayonua” or “ boniama” (Desc.), in Mexican “ matzatli ” (Hernand.), and its fruit eaten from early
times : — “ a sort of fruit which looked like our green pine-apples ” (Pinus pinea cones) “ but much
bigger, and within full of solid meat like a melon, and much sweeter both in taste and smell, which
grow on long stalks like lilies or aloes, wild about the fields, and are better than those brought up by
art, as afterwards appeared,” were seen by Columbus on Guadelupe in 1493, and on a subsequent
voyage at Veragua (F. Columb. 47 to 96) : B. ananas was observecl in Tropical America by Oviedo
hist. gen. pi. 13, three varieties cultivated by the natives ; also by Thevet, J. Acosta, and Hughes;
by Marcgraf 33, wild and bearing seeds in Brazil ; by Martius, wild in tlie catingas of Bahia (A. Dec.);
by Humboldt and Bonpland, wild with some seeds on the Upper Oronoco ; by Hernandez 311, wild
in the warm hilly region of Mexico. By European colonists, was carried Westward across the
Pacific to the Philippines, where it continues abundantly cultivated and is called in Tagalo “ pina”
(Blanco) ; to China, cultivated according to Kircher 253 and supposed to have come from Peru ; to
Java before 1599 (C. Acosta, and Clus ), and observed by Rumphius v. 228 seemingly wild on
Celebes; to Burmab, called there “ na-nat” (Mason); to Bengal “ in 1594 in the reign of Akbar ”
(hind, hist., and Royle ill. 376), is called in Sanscrit “ anarnsh” (Pidd.), in Bengalee “ anaras,” in
Hindustanee “ anannas ” (D’rozar.), was observed by Turner seemingly wild in jungles near Teshoo-
Loomboo, occurs also seemingly wild on Ceylon (Royle), was observed by Rheede xi. 6 in Malabar
and called “ kapa-tsjakka,” by Graham “ in gardens ” at Bombay, but I was told does not succeed ;
to Eastern Equatorial Africa, observed by myself naturalized on Zanzibar. Tran.sported to Europe,
fruit was shown to the emperor Charles V. (J. Acost.) ; the plant is described also by Monardes
(Desc.), and known from early times : —in the West Indies (Pers.) ; observed there by Descourtilz.
Transported to Europe, is described by Commelyn hort. i. pl. 108, and is termed “ e. spinosa” by
Miller (Steud.). If the species observed by myself planted on Zanzibar, a magnificent flowering tree,
probably the finest of its tribe.
Coesalpinia coriaria of the Northern shore of South America. An unarmed Leguminous tree
twenty-five or thirty feet high, its ripe pods called “ libidibi ” and used in preparing leather: — observed
by Jacquin am. pl. 175 on the seashore from Carthagena to Curaçao (Pers.) ; and known to
grow as far as Hayti (Drur.). By “ Wallich twenty-five years ago” introduced into Hindustan,
where according to Drury it has now become “ extensively distributed,” its pods being “ considered
superior to any other material used in the ” country for tanning.
Dicypelliufn caryoph-jllatum of Eastern Equatorial America. A Lauraceous tree called by
French colonists “ bois de rose,” in Carib “ licari kanali ” (Lindl.), and its hot peppery dove-like
bark known from early times, — having “ powerful tonic properties : ” observed by Aublet, pi. I2i in
the Guayana forest; by Martius, extending into the Brazilian forest (Nees handb. ii. 435).
Euphorbia hirta of Tropical America. A weed called in Carib “ araouebara, caatia” or “ alaou-
rou coulri ” (Desc.), and known from early times: — observed by Descourtilz troublesome in the
West Indies. Probably by European colonists carried across the Pacific to the Malayan archipelago,
termed “ esula esculenta” by Rumphius vi. pl. 23 ; to Burmah, but enumerated as indigenous by
Mason; to Plindustan, observed by Ainslie ii. 99, and Roxburgh, by Graham as far as Bombay, “ a
very common weed, springing up on garden walks etc.,” by Burmann pl. 104 on Ceylon.
iii. 4, and continues in greenhouses, not succeeding in the open air even as far South as Egypt
(Plasselq., and Ciot-Bey). By European colonists also, was carried to Guinea (Clus., and R. Brown);
and subsequent to the visit of Forster, to the islands of the Pacific, observed by myself on Taheiti
naturalized, on the Samoan, and Feejeean Islands, and at Sydney in Australia.
“ 1033 A. D.” (Nicoh), in Spain, Sancho I I I . the Great succeeded as king of Castile by Ferdinand.
Who marrying Sanctia, daughter of the king of Asturias and Leon, added these provinces to
his dominions.
“ June 29th, about mid-day ” (Blair), great eclipse o f the sun. Observed in France.
“ 1034 A. D.” (Alst.), Romanus II. succeeded by Michael I'V. Paphlago, forty-second Byzantine
emperor.
“ The same year ” (Alst.), at Rome, Joannes XX. succeeded by Benedictus IX., ei»htv-third
archbishop.
One hundred and sixtieth generation. May ist, 1034, onward mostly beyond youth : the Jewish
writer Benjamin ben Serach : the Arab writers, Ebn Wafid, Alhazen; the Greek writers, Eugesippus,
Georgius Cedrenus d. 1057, Symeon Sethus, Petrus Antiochenus d. after 1053, Michael Cerularius d.
1058, Nicond. 1060: Merboldus ; Campanus of Novarro ; Glaber Radulphus ; Franco; Humbertus
Cardinalis, Adelmannus, Haymo of Canterbury.
“ In this year” (palm-leaf ann. Jag., and W. W. Hunter), Kurma Kesari succeeded by Matsya
Kesari, now king of Orissa. — He built the great bridge over the Atharanala at Puri (exi.sting to this
day), and reigned “ sixteen years.” (According to Stirling, the bridge was built by Kabir Narsinh
who reigned 1282-1307.)
“ The same year” (Nicok), Malcolm II. succeeded by Duncan, as king of Scotland.
“ 1035 A- D.” (Blair, and Nicol.), in Spain, the kingdom of Arragon established by Ramirez.
“ 1036 A. D.” (Nicoh), Canute II. succeeded by his son Harold, seventeenth king of England.
“ The same year ” (art de verif.), Daher succeeded by Mostanser, of the Fatimite dynasty, fifth
sultan of Egypt. Gold coins issued by Mostanser, are figured in Marcel p. 118.
Amomum grana-paradisi of Equatorial Africa. “ Fulful elsudan ” a kind of pepper from Aethiopia,
is mentioned by Ebn Wafid, — and “ shushamir ” is further given by Ebn Baitar as the Persian
oi grains o f paradise (Sonth.) : called according to Delile in the drug-shops of Egypt “ tyn
el-fyl.” Farther North, “ grana paradisi ” are mentioned by Franciscus Pedemontium f. 133 ; but at
the present day are imported direct from Western Equatorial Africa under the name of malagueta
pepper ox Guinea grains. According to Lindley, the plant grows near Sierra Leone, and the seeds
are hot and acrid, “ powerfully aromatic, stimulant, and cordial.” I found the seeds exported also
from Africa Eastward, across the Indian Ocean.
“ 1037 A. D.” (ann. Jap., and art de verif.), Itsi-dsio II. succeeded by his younger brother Go-
siu-saku or Go-ziu-ziak, sixty-ninth dairo of Japan.*
“ 1039, March 17th” (NicoL), Harold succeeded as king of England by the king of Denmark,
Hardicnut or Hard! Canute.
“ The same year” (Alst., and Nicol.), Conradus II. succeeded by his son Henricus III. Niger,
sixth emperor of Germany and Italy.
* Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis of the Philippines. The shoe flow er ox rose Hibiscus, a small ornamental
tree, is called in Tamil “ sapatoo cheddie,” in Telinga “ dasanie,” in Bengalee “ juva” (Drur.),
in Lurmah “ khoung-yan ” (Mason), in Tagalo and Pampango and Bisaya “ cayanga” or “ tarocanga ”
or “ tacorangan” or “ arogangan” or “ tapolanga ” or “ antolanga,” and the double-petaled var.
jgomamila ” (Blanco) : the “ fou-sang” from which Japan is said to have been named on account of
Its beauty, — described also by Li-chi-tchin, is referred here by Klaproth (introd. ann. Jap.): H.
rosa-Sinensis is known to grow also in China, where garlands and festoons of its flowers are employed
on festive occasions, and during funeral rites ; also in Anam, where its leaves a're used medicinally
(Drur.) ; was observed by Blanco on the Philippines, in one locality producing simple flowers with
perfect fruit, elsewhere very generally planted for ornament around native dwellings, its flowers staining
leather black; by myself, on the Feejeean, Samoan, and Taheitian Islands, planted by the natives
for ornament, remaining in abandoned clearings, and even met with in wild situations. Westward,
wreaths of “ djava” flowers are mentioned by the Hindu poet Harivansa 122: H. rosa-Sinensis was
£en on Java by Bontius in 1630 and termed “ rosa batavico-indica ” (Piso) ; by Mason v. 416 to 756
“ exotic” in Burmah, several varieties cultivated, the flowers used for blacking shoes; by Rheede ii.
ph 17 and vi. pi. 43, in Malabar; by Ainslie, Roxburgh, Wight, Graham, and Drury, in gardens
foroughout Hindustan ; by myself, a planted tree in front of the lesser cave-temples at Karli, and
Mweis among temple-offerings to the end of my journey. By European colonists, was carried to the
Mauritius Islands, where it has become frequent in gardens (Boj.); and to Northeast America, where
It continues ia greenhouses.