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fl. sic. pl. 117, and Lindl.). Boccone further states, that the roots yield the “ bdellium siculum ” of
the old pharmacopoeias ; a substance according to Lindley having “ a bitter balsamic taste and a
weak but unpleasant odour.”
Cypentspertenuis of Hindustan. Called in Bengalee “ naga,” in the Taleef Shereef gSi “ nagar-
m otha” (J. F. Wats.); and the aromatic I V N C I • Q V A D R A TI identified by Celsus iii. 21 with the
K YTT£ IRON of tlie Greeks, — may be compared. Eastward, the “ naga ” is prescribed by Susrutas
chik. 37: C. pertenuis was observed in Hindustan by Roxburgh, Piddington 180, Balfour 94, and
Drury, its roots used medicinally, and besides “ for perfuming the hair.” (Compare C. juncifolius.)
“ 16 A. D .” (Tacit, and Clint.), decree of Tiberius, expelling the “ mathematicians and magians ”
from Italy.
Torilis anthriscus of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous weed called in Egypt
“ chellæ ” or “ gazar Sjæitani ” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the “ crowfoot ” or “ Satan’s carrot ”
of Egypt identified by Ebn Baitar with the “ daucus ” of the Greeks : the “ daucus ” of Petronius
Diodotus having seeds like “ milio ” — (Plin. xxv. 64) may be compared : T. anthriscus was observed
by Forskal, and Delile, from Damietta to Cairo ; by Forskal, and Sibthorp, along hedges from the
Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, “ Satan’s carrot” is further identified by Ebn Baitar
with the “ aathariial ” of Elzrharawi (Abulcasis). and Edrisi, the name being Berber: T. anthriscus
is termed “ daucus annuus minor floribus rubentibus ” by Tournefort inst. 308, “ tordylium anthriscus
” by Linnæus, “ caucalis anthriscus ” by Smith fl. br. 29S ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ;
and is known to occur in waste places throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Jacq.
austr. pl. 261, and Pers.).
Seseli animoides of the Mediterranean countries. Of the four kinds of “ dauci ” distinguished by
Petronius Diodotus, the “ tertium” — (Plin.) or “ thaukön triton ” of Dioscorides, having corianderlike
leaves, white flowers, an “ anëthô ’’-like summit and fruit, the umbel carrot-like and full of oblong
acrid seeds, is referred here by Sprengel ; S. ammoides was observed by Sibthorp in the cultivated
fields of Greece. Westward, is termed “ foeniculum lusitanicum minimum acre ” by Tournefort inst.
312, “ sison ammi ” by herbalists (Steud.) ; and is known to occur in Italy and Portugal (Jacq. hort.
pl. 52, and Pers.).
“ 17 A. D .” (Tacit., Blair, and Clint.), twelve cities in Asia thrown down by an earthquake;
regarded by Pliny ii. 84 as the severest one on record.
At this time in ornear Rome, Antonius Castor cultivating a botanic garden of his own — (Plin.
X X V . 5). Probably the earliest one on record.
Lepidium cornutum of tlie East Mediterranean countries. A species of pepper-wort, and the
P I P E R I T I S o r S I L I Q V A S T R VM having according to Castor white seeds tasting like pepper —
(Plin. X X . 6 6 ) , may be compared; L. cornutum is termed “ bursa pastoris orientalis cardamines
folio siliqua iongissima quadrangula” by Tournefort cor. 15; and was observed by Sibthorp on
Cyprus.
Potamogetón pectinatusoi Northern climates, in water more or less brackish. A species is called in
Ital}' “ potamogeto” (Lenz), and the P OTAMOGETON growing according to Castor in watery places,
its leaves slender like horse-hair, a long smooth thyrsus, and the root healing “ strumas ” and “ cluri-
tias ” — (Plin. xxvi. 33), may be compared : P. pectinatus is described by Vaillant pl. 32, was observed
by Forskal near Marseilles, and is known to grow along the European coast as far as Sweden and
Iceland (fl. Dan. pl. t86, Hook., and W ats.). Eastward, was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and
Fraas, in the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, along the Mediterranean border of Egypt; and is known to
grow in Siberia as far as the salt lakes of the Irtisch (P a ll). Westward from Europe, is known to
grow along our Atlantic coast, and inland throughout the chain of the Great Lakes (A. Gray) to Lat.
54° at Cumberland House (Drumm. ; see P. crispus).
“ 18 A. D .” (Clint.), the historian Valerius Maximus visiting Asia in company with Sextus
Pompeius, a friend of Ovid.
Glaucium rubrum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called on Tenedos “ lôllë ” or by the
Turks “ hawa a t” (Forsk ) : the G LA V C E A ' S V C C 0 • S A LV B R I of Columella x. 103, — and Scribonius
Largus 22, or “ glaukiön ” described by Dioscorides as the juice of an herb, growing at Flie-
rapolis in S yfi+ an d having leaves like “ këratitithôs mëkônôs,” expressed by llie inhabitants and
employed against maladies of the eyes, according to Pliny xxvii. 59 growing in Syria and Parthia
and having further medicinal uses, may be compared; also the herb “ bom nih” mentioned by
Avicenna as yielding the “ mamitsa” juice (Spreng.) : G. rubrum is termed “ g. orientale flore magno
rubro” by Tournefort cor. 18, and was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, at Smyrna and on the
nearer Greek islands.
Helleborus foetidus of Western Europe. Called in Britain bear's foot or oxlieel or setterwort or
fe tid hellebore i f ñor) ; in which we recognize the CONSILIGO of shepherds, good according to
Columella vi. 5 in all diseases of cattle ; a discovery of “ nostra aetas ” in the Marsian mountains—•
according to Pliny xxv. 48 to xxvi. 21 : H. foetidus is described by Cordus, Ruel, Tragus i. pl. 83,
Gesner, and Matthioli (D ierb.) ; is known to grow from “ Lat. 51° ” near lena to Styria, the Tyrol,
France, and Italy (Poll., Ten., and A. Dec.). Is probably exotic in Britain, though found seemingly
wild by Gerarde 286, and Ray 272 (Hook., Bab., and W ats.) : its root according to Prior inserted as
a seton in the dewlap of cattle, and hence the name. Its medicinal properties according to Lindley
are similar to those of H. niger and its “ leaves are emetic and purgative.”
Lepidium latifolium of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Britainpepperwort (Prior),
in Germany “ pfefferkraut,” in Portugal “ herva pimentiera maior,” in Italy “ piperella” (Spreng.), in
Greece “ agria lahana” (Fraas) or “ lëpithi ” (Sibth.), in which we recognize the LEPIDIVM of
Columella — (Ruel ii. 105), applied externally as ulcerating in the antidote of Apuleius Celsus
(Scribon. Larg. 174), and according to Pliny xix. 51 and xx. 70 a foreign plant cultivated in Italy,
lasting two years, a cubit high with laurel-like but soft leaves : L. latifolium is described by Dodoens
hist. p. 716, and Tournefort inst. 216 ; was in Britain before the days of Gerarde p. 187 (A . D ec.) ;
and is at least naturalized in Italy and throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl.
557, Pers., and Lenz). Eastward, the “ lëpithiôn” by some called “ giggithion” is described by
Dioscorides as a well-known herb whose acrid ulcerating leaves are applied externally in cutaneous
and other diseases, and the root tied to the neck as a remedy against tootliache ; is mentioned also
by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta; L. latifolium was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in
Greece. Farther South, the “ shitharaj ” mentioned by Dioscorides according to Ebn Baitar, or
“ sheiteraj ” of Serapion, is referred here by Sprengel, and Sontheimer; L. latifolium is enumerated
by Ciot-Bey and Figari as long known in Egypt, and was observed by D elile around Cairo.
Raphanus sativus of Eastern Asia. Called in Britain radish, in France “ rave” (N ugent), in
Germany “ radieschen ” (Grieb), in Italy “ radicine ” (Lenz), in Greece “ rapania ” (Fraas), in Egypt
“ fidjel,” in Yemen “ fidyl ” or “ bokel ” (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the AS SYRI A - RADIX or
S Y R I A C A E ' R A D I C I S of Columella xi. 3, — brought from Syria according to Pliny xix. 26 quite
recently; the “ radix ” is mentioned by Palladius, Vegetius, and in the Capitularia of Charlemagne ;
the “ fu jl” by Eldshuz, Ebn Masawia, Costus, Elthabari, Rhazes, and Ebn Baitar; R. sativus is
described by Platearius, and in Ortus Sanitatis 383 ; is known to be cultivated from Italy throughout
middle Europe, in some instances springing up spontaneously (A. D ec.) ; was observed by Fraas
under cultivation in Greece ; by Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt, where
according to Ciot-Bey the leafstalks are eaten as well as the root ; by Forskal, in Yemen ; by myself,
a favourite object of cultivation at Mocha, Zanzibar, and Muscat. Eastward from Arabia, is called
in Sanscrit “ mooluka” (Roxb.), in Bengalee “ mula,” in Hindustanee “ muli ” or “ murai” or “ turb ”
(D'roz.), in the environs of Bombay “ m ohlee” (Graham) ; was observed by myself abundantly cultivated
on the Deccan ; by Mason, “ exotic ” in Burmah aud called “ mung-la ; ” by Loureiro, under
cultivation in Anam ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, along roadsides and everywhere cultivated in
Japan. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly
cultivated and “ inclines sometimes to be spontaneous” (A. Gray); to the island of Tristan d’Acunha
(Petit-Thouars, and Carmich.) ; and to the Mauritius Islands (Boj.). Var. oleifer \oag cultivated in
China for the oil from its seeds (A. D ec.) seems to have accompanied the fleshy-rooted form into
Egypt ; for “ ëlaiôn raphaninôn ” is mentioned by Dioscorides i. 45, and Pliny, as used among the
Egyptians; “ fadjl oi l” is mentioned by Elminhaj, Ebn Baitar, by Abd-allatif as manufactured in
Egypt; and the plant producing it was observed under cultivation there and in Nubia by Lippi, and
Granger (Del. : see Raphanistrum maritimum).
Crambe maritima of'Western Europe. Called in Britain sea-kale (Prior) : the BATIS of Columella
xii. 7. 13, — or “ batin marinara” and “ batin hortensiam ” by some called “ asparagum gallicum
” enumerated by Pliny xx. 50 and xxvi. 50 among the indigenous esculent plants of Italy, is
referred here conjecturally by Fraas : C. maritima is known to grow along the Atlantic shore of
Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pl. 316, Pers., and Prior).
Trifolium pratense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain clover or
meadow clover or honeysuckle, \n Anglo-Saxon “ hunig-sucle ” (Prior), in Germany “ wiesenklee ”
(Grieb), in France “ trèfle ” (A . D ec.), in Greece “ triphulli,” and the T R I FO Ll VM sown for geese
o rTRIFOLIVM' P R A T E N S E of Columella vi. 17. 2 and viii. 14. 2, — and Scribonius Largus 163,
is referred here by writers ; “ read clæfre ” is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Leech book iii. 8, and
glossary Laud. (Cockayne) : T. pratense is described by Lobel hist. p. 493, Culpepper, and Parkinson
; is termed “ t. pratense flore monopetalo ” by Tournefort inst. 404 ; and is known to grow in
North Africa, Corsica, and throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (Wats., Dec.,
and A. Dec.). Eastward, was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, in grassy situations everywhere
from Constantinople to the Greek islands ; is known to grow also from Armenia and Caucasus
througliout the neighbouring portion of Siberia and as far as Cashmere (Ledeb., and Royle). Its
cultivation in middle Europe according to Link, and A. Decandolle, having commenced in the Six-
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